The Russia-Ukraine War and NATO
Michito Tsuruoka
Introduction
Although the outcome of the Russia-Ukraine war remains unpredictable, the day of February 24, 2022, when Russia began its invasion of Ukraine, will be long remembered by Europeans as a significant turning point in history. There are various perspectives from which to analyze the ongoing war; here, we will examine its impact on European security, especially on NATO, and the role of NATO in relation to the war.
One of the crucial features of the Russia-Ukraine war is that NATO, including the United States, has not participated in direct acts of combat by deploying their ground troops but has provided Ukraine with almost every other conceivable support. What does NATO's option of non-participation signify? How should NATO's indirect support to Ukraine be evaluated?
When NATO is discussed in association with the Russia-Ukraine war, attention tends to focus on its arms support to Ukraine. Yet, in the light of NATO's role, what is essential to the alliance is the defense of its member states. What is NATO doing in this regard, and with what effect? What has the Russia-Ukraine war revealed about the nature and direction of NATO? This paper is an attempt to answer these questions.
The Significance of NATO's Non-Participation in the Russia-Ukraine War
The United States does not participate in the Russia-Ukraine war in any form. Although various reasons may be conceivable to explain this, the fact is that the United States has not made a direct military intervention to date, and that it is not a warring state.
NATO members, including the United States, are committed to Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which stipulates collective defense. It provides: "The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them and consequently they agree that … each of them, in the exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence …, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith … such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area."
Since Ukraine is not a NATO member, the Article 5 stipulations do not apply to the country. Nonetheless, this does not mean that NATO (member states) cannot exercise the right of collective self-defense for the sake of Ukraine. The right of collective self-defense is an inherent right of a state. The existence of a military alliance is not a precondition for exercising it. If a country (or countries) takes collective defense measures at the request of an attacked country, it has only to report to the UN Security Council on those measures it took based on its right of collective self-defense. Although a different interpretation would be possible under international law, non-intervention by NATO would mean that the NATO member states are not exercising their right of individual and collective self-defense in the current situation.
In other words, NATO members, including the United States, do not make any direct military intervention in the Russia-Ukraine war, not because "they could not because Ukraine is not a NATO member," but because they made political decisions not to do so. If they had a will to intervene, a NATO intervention would be possible at any time. Therefore, the argument that "Ukraine is not a NATO member" is used as a pretext for non-intervention.
It is worth noting that President Joe Biden and American society initially stood aloof from the Russia-Ukraine war. His remarks that the US defense obligation does not extend to Ukraine 1 is a factual explanation. Yet, when asked by a reporter about sending ground troops to Ukraine, he said explicitly, "There never were on the table." 2 This statement that seemingly expresses his firm determination not to send US troops decided NATO's stance of non-intervention.
Furthermore, the Biden administration's thinking was based on the assessment that in the event of a Russian invasion, the Ukrainian military would take flight, and the Volodymyr Zelensky government would collapse soon; that it would be unwise for the United States to be committed to Ukraine. This line of thinking should have also led to the US non-intervention stance. Such a US stance did not leave NATO the option of direct intervention. It would have been quite difficult for other NATO members to enter the war without US participation.
NATO's Defense of Member States
What mattered first and foremost to NATO, as Russian troops had been amassing at the Ukrainian borders since autumn 2021, was how to ensure the security of NATO member countries. This is quite natural since NATO is a defense alliance. To strengthen the defense of the Eastern flank, Poland and Romania, which border Ukraine, the United States, and major powers such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, deployed ground and air forces. 3
The Biden administration, which had emphatically reiterated that it would not send troops to Ukraine, began to emphasize its commitment to NATO in late January 2022 by announcing its readiness to send 8,500 troops to strengthen the defense of NATO countries. 4 It continued to increase the number of deployments to help defend front-line NATO member states such as Poland and Romania and to carry out joint training to provide reassurance to the allies. As a result, the number of US forces in Europe, which had numbered about 60,000 before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, swelled to 100,000. It is noteworthy that the number of US troops has sharply increased regardless of the absence of direct intervention in Ukraine. 5
Although particulars are not available, NATO launched, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, defense plans and crisis response measures regarding specific member states and regions, including the use of the NATO Readiness Force (NRF), 6 which would be used for the first time to perform its original mission of deterrence and defense. As many as 42,000 NATO ground troops have already been on deployment. According to General Tod Wolters, NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), "Our land domain has seen a 10-fold increase" 7 along the eastern flank. For the defense of the eastern flank, battalion-sized NATO units had been deployed in rotation in the three Baltic states and Poland under the framework of the "Enhanced Forward Presence (eFP)" inaugurated in the wake of the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. This time, deployments to Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria have been newly added. Missile and air defense systems such as the Patriot missile system were also deployed in the border region with Ukraine to prepare for contingencies.
As a consequence, NATO countries are not exposed to direct military provocation by Russia. It may be possible to argue that from the outset, Russia had not intended to attack NATO members. But even if that were the case, there must have been a calculation on the Russian side that it would not be in Russia's interest to invite NATO intervention --- this is nothing but the effect of NATO's deterrence. Application for NATO membership by Finland and Sweden, which will be discussed later, was also decided because they believe that NATO's deterrence is working.
Assistance to Ukraine and Deterrence of Russia
At an early stage of the war, weapons provided by NATO states were anti-tank guns (Javelin, etc.) and anti-aircraft guns --- equipment to stop and resist the advance of Russian military units. They played a significant role in preventing the fall of Kyiv. However, after Russia announced in late March that it would effectively abandon the seizure of Kyiv and concentrate its main forces in the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine, the Ukrainian government had to prepare for large-scale ground combat operations and to recapture the areas under the control of Russian forces. To this end, weapons such as anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns that can only stop the enemy's advance are not sufficient; Ukraine's recapture of its territory will hinge rather upon heavy equipment such as tanks and howitzers.
As a result, NATO is now doing almost everything in its capacity other than sending troops. But there were twists and turns in the leading-up process. First, as noted above, NATO's full-fledged support was unlikely under the assumption that the Zelensky government would be overthrown at an early stage of the war. It remained a hard-to-address problem for the United States and other NATO member countries to decide what kind of weapons to provide, as Russia's war aims were not necessarily manifest. 8
Second, behind such discussion was the consideration that Russia should not be unduly provoked. Some argued that such a consideration is not necessary, but it is only natural for all parties concerned to want to avoid escalation of the war if possible. The Russians repeatedly warned that if NATO provided Ukraine with tanks, fighter aircraft, and long-range artillery, they would consider such a move as participation in the war and subject to attack. Undeniably, there were scenarios where NATO, apprehensive about an escalation of the war, hesitated to provide such military equipment warned about by Russia; NATO was in a sense deterred by Russia.
Yet, Czechia became the first NATO member to provide tanks to Ukraine, and other countries followed suit. Warnings from Russia continued; in April 2022, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov reportedly said, "We are warning that US-NATO weapons transports across Ukrainian territory will be considered by us as legal military targets." 9 His warning was reported in part as representing Russia's bullish stance; it could, however, be construed to insinuate that Russia would not (and could not) move unless US-NATO weapons entered the Ukrainian territory. Understandably, the most Russia should avoid is NATO intervention, and Russia is avoiding actions that would invite it. If that is the case, arguably, NATO deterrence is working.
In addition, NATO and the United States focused on providing intelligence to the Ukrainian government. Although many pointed out this earlier, the actual situation gradually began to be reported from March. For example, NATO's airborne early warning and control aircraft (AWACS) flew over Polish airspace right up to the Ukrainian border, collected information on the movements of Russian aircraft and ground troops, and provided it to the Ukrainian side. 10 Afterward, the US-led NATO provided information on the whereabouts of high-ranking Russian military officials and intelligence that helped identify, in advance, the location of Russian military deployments as well as targets of Russian missile attacks. There have been reports after reports about how the Ukrainian military utilized those pieces of information to make its defense and offense operations more effective. 11
The Biden administration admonished these reports in fear that they might provoke the Russians. 12 However, all those reports may not have been based on leaks contrary to the administration's intention. Behind their release must have been the administration's design to deal with criticism that NATO's and US support for Ukraine was inadequate.
The NATO Secretary-General has thus far enunciated that NATO would not allow the ongoing war to spill over to other countries nor deploy its ground troops in Ukraine. Conversely, his message indicates NATO's will to do everything possible short of direct military intervention. The Russia-Ukraine war and NATO's involvement have shown how many ways there are to support the war other than the traditional deployment of troops. As an aside, Starlink, a satellite communication service provided by Elon Musk, has also proven to contribute significantly to Ukrainian military operations. 13 Not just state actors but private corporations and even individuals have got involved as vital actors.
At the extraordinary Summit of NATO Heads of State and Government held on March 24, 2022, NATO warned, "Any use by Russia of a chemical or biological weapon would be unacceptable and result in severe consequences." 14 At the post-Summit press conference, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg stated, "Any use of chemical weapons will totally change the nature of the conflict." 15 It is now impossible to ascertain the effect of these deterring messages from NATO on Russia. Yet, it is certain that, as of late May at least, weapons of mass destruction have not been employed.
NATO's Growing Centrality
As the Russia-Ukraine war progresses, not just the environment surrounding NATO but also NATO itself is changing. First, the meaning of NATO membership has become visible, albeit unexpectedly. Neither the United States nor NATO could deter Russia from invading Ukraine. Their attempt to stop Russia, mainly through the intimidation of economic sanctions, has failed. Although, on the other hand, Russia has repeatedly threatened and warned NATO members, as discussed earlier, it has not made any full-scale military provocations against them. It may be concluded that NATO's deterrence against Russia is working. Arguably, Russia may have, from the outset, been unwilling to expand the war front; that said, it is undeniable that behind that unwillingness is Russia's desire to avoid NATO's participation in the war.
In other words, inequity between NATO allies and non-NATO states became pronounced. While it was a harsh reality for Ukraine, a non-NATO state, for NATO allies, the worth of NATO membership has been confirmed. The current Russian threat has reaffirmed the necessity of NATO; behind that is the trust that NATO's deterrence against Russia is working.
Second, on May 18, less than three months following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war, Finland and Sweden officially applied for accession to NATO. Amid the worsening security environment surrounding Europe, including Nordic states, they decided to abandon their long-standing policy of neutrality or "military non-alignment" and to join NATO. The existence of non-NATO member states in Northern Europe had been a prominent feature of the European order in the post-World War II era. This is about to change.
The reason the two Nordic countries could make a momentous decision in such a short time is their accumulated cooperative relationship with NATO. Without this, their application would not have come true. Both Finland and Sweden have deepened their relations with NATO since the 1990s; since the 2000s, they have strengthened their cooperation with NATO through, among other efforts, the dispatch of troops to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, thereby improving interoperability with NATO. Meanwhile, Russia's December 2021 draft treaty proposal to the United States and NATO, which called for a ban on further NATO expansion, invited a backlash from both countries who esteem freedom of choice in the future. On top of that, the final thrust came in the form of the Russian aggression starting on February 24. 16
The Recep Tayyip Erdogan government of Turkey is opposed to Finland and Sweden's accession to NATO, criticizing the two Nordic countries' insufficient crackdown on the Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan (PKK, Kurdistan Workers' Party), which has allegedly become a breeding ground for terrorist activities. 17 The two countries' accession to NATO requires the approval of all member states (ratification of the accession protocol). As a preliminary step, the North Atlantic Council (NAC) has to make a decision to initiate accession negotiations; since the relevant procedures follow the consensus method, Turkey could wield its veto right in every stage of the procedures. However, continuing to oppose NATO enlargement on a "one versus 29" basis would be very costly for Turkey; it would not be an easy decision for the country to make. To overcome this predicament diplomatically, active diplomatic efforts are being made, especially between Turkey, Finland, and Sweden, involving heads of state and foreign ministers of the countries concerned.
Third, facing the Russia-Ukraine war, many European countries are increasing their defense budgets (defense spending). NATO member states have aimed at achieving defense spending worth 2% of their GDP. Germany, led by Chancellor Olaf Scholz, was quickest to announce a massive increase in defense spending. In his speech to the Bundestag on February 27, just a few days after the outbreak of war, Scholz announced the creation of a 100 billion euro fund (about 13 trillion yen) to make up for the long-standing budget shortfall to procure military equipment, while pledging to increase defense spending from the current 1.49% (NATO statistics 18) to over 2% of Germany's GDP. 19
Whether defense spending of European countries will increase as planned remains to be seen, as the European economy will continue to be severely affected by COVID-19 raging since 2020, in addition to the effects of a drastic hike in energy prices caused by the Russia-Ukraine war. Nevertheless, it is apparent that European countries have become more security conscious, and this trend highlights the value of NATO.
Conclusion
In the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, NATO focused first on ensuring the defense of its members. As far as it is concerned, NATO is fulfilling its objective. Its significance should not be underestimated. NATO has become involved in the Russia-Ukraine war on a scale not initially designed while avoiding direct military intervention. Meanwhile, solidarity among NATO member states has been more intense than anticipated. As a result, NATO's centrality in the European security order appears to have further increased.
The next question is whether NATO's solidarity can remain intact in the future. Increases in defense spending of each country may contribute to strengthening NATO. On the other hand, many challenges are awaiting NATO: how to create a support system necessary to achieve war objectives agreed upon with Ukraine; and how to position Russia in the post-war European security order. The solidarity of NATO members will be put to further test.
(Associate Professor, Keio University)
(Translation by Tsutomu Inuzuka)
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- "Control in the United States and International Relations" by Koji Murata, Professor, Doshisha University
- September, 2020, "The EU's Response to COVID-19 and International Relations" by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- August, 2020, "The Corona Crisis Seen from a Macroeconomic Perspective" written by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
- August, 2020, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Japan's Infectious Disease Control" written by Takashi Mihara, Senior Research Fellow, NLI Research Institute
- August, 2020, "Infectious Disease Crisis Control in Japan- Recommendations on an Exit Strategy -" written by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor, Hosei University
- August, 2020, "Security against Infectious Disease Threats --- Policy Responses Abroad" written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- June 2020,"Transformation of the International Order in the Middle East--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order" written by Satoshi Ikeuchi, Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
- June 2020,"Destabilization in the Middle East and its Impacts on Japan's Energy Security" written by Amane Kobayashi, Research Fellow, The Institute of Energy Economics
- May 2020: Urgent Recommendations "Toward a V-shaped Recovery after the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic "Coronavirus Testing for All" --- the First Step of the Next Phase"
- May 2020: "US Diplomacy toward Iran: Economic Sanctions as a Diplomatic Tool" Hiroki Sugita Columnist, Kyodo News
- "Russian Factors in the Middle East" Taisuke Abiru Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- "The SDF Dispatches to the Middle East --- History and Significance" Ippeita Nishida Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Space and Security" Kazuto Suzuki Professor, Hokkaido University
- March 2020, "The US Security Space Policy --- With a Focus on the Establishment of Two Space Forces" Yasuhito Fukushima Chief Researcher, The National Institute for Defense Studies
- March 2020, "China's Recent Activities in Space and Cyberspace" Bonji Ohara Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Environmental Security and Japan" Takashi Sekiyama Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- March 2020, "Changes in Global Environment and Security --- US Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
- February 2020, "Cyberspace Security" Motohiro Tsuchiya Professor, Keio University
- February 2020, "Japan's Space and Cyberspace Policy" Yukinari Hirose Former President of the National Institute for Defense Studies
- December 2019, "The US-China Confrontation --- Where Will Hegemony Reside Next?" Akio Takahara Professor, the University of Tokyo
- December 2019, "Challenges Facing the Chinese Economy" Osamu Tanaka Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
- December 2019, "US Strategic Perception on China: Implications for US Allied Partners" Tsuneo Watanabe Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- November 2019, "The Xi Jinping Administration's View of the International Order– China's emphasis on United Nations diplomacy and liberal economic policies−" Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- November 2019, "The Future of China's Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- November 2019, "China --- Its Confidence and Anxiety" Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- August 2019: Several Perspectives on the Korean Peninsula Issue--- The Deteriorating Japan-South Korea Relationship and the Uncertain Denuclearization of North Korea --- By Masahiro Akiyama Chairman, the SSDP
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea--- What is the Stance of North Korea?---", Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea --- How will the US move?", Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2019, "Discussion on Denuclearization of North Korea", SSDP Discussion Meeting on May 8, 2019
- May 2019: "Current Status and Prospects of South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History: How to address the Judicial Problems", Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- May 2019: "South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History" (Comments), Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- May 2019: Japan and South Korea Relationships (Question & Answer)
- March 2019: "The Present State and Prospects of the Indian Economy and Economic Policies" written by Koji Kobayashi, Senior Economist Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
- March 2019: "The "Modi diplomacy" in the History of Indian diplomacy--- Departure from or maintenance of the traditional diplomacy? ---" written by Toru Ito, The National Defense Academy of Japan
- February 2019: Dynamics of Indian Politics and the 2019 General Elections, written by Chiharu Takenaka, Professor of Rikkyo University
- February 2019: "Cooperative Strategy" to Realize "Competitive Strategy"--- The composite structure of Japan's "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy (vision) ---, written by Matake Kamiya, Professor at The National Defense Academy of Japan
- January 2019:, A paper, "How will the US midterm elections results affect the Trump administration's foreign policy for 2019?" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2019:, A paper, "The Present and Future of the International Trade Order" , written by Akihiko Tamura, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- December 2018: The US-China Competition and Japan, written by Ryo Sahashi, Professor at Kanagawa University
- December 2018: An Outlook for the US-China Trade War―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―, written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate professor at Toyo University
- September 2018: Proposal, "The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Restoration of Peace in the Korean Peninsula― Correct Perceptions and Eight Proposals on Japan's North Korea Diplomacy-" edited by the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- September 2018: "The Taiwan Policy of the Xi Jinping Administration in its Second Term: An Outlook on Cross-Strait Relations in the New Era" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor of the Tokyo University
- July 2018: "The EU States and Russia on North Korea Issues- Expansion of Influence through Diplomacy: Attempts and Limitations -" lectured by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor of Keio University
- "An Assessment of the US-North Korea Summit and an Outlook for the Future of the Korean Peninsula" lectured by Junya Nishino, Professor of Keio University
- "Korean Peninsula Issue and Japan's Future Security Policy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow of National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2018: "US North Korea policy affected by personnel changes in the Trump administration" lectured by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- "China-North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping" lectured by Shin Kawashima, Professor of the Tokyo University.
- "North Korean Denuclearization and Russia" lectured by Nobuo Shimotomai, Professor of the Hosei University.
- March 2018: "The Network Hegemony Theory for a Security Architecture in The Asia Pacific Region" lectured by Masahiro Akiyama, Chairman, the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- January 2018: "A Destabilized Middle East" lectured by Koichiro Tanaka, Professor, Keio University
- December 2017: "Problems in Sino-Japanese Relations, 1992-2042" lectured by Ezra F. Vogel, Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University
- November 2017: "The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region" written by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Fellow, the Meiji Institute for Global Affairs, Former Minister Foreign Affairs
- October 2017: "A New Trend in India's Foreign Policy and Japan" Written by HIROSE,Takako, Professor, Senshu University
- August 2017: "The Shocks that shook the Transatlantic World and their Implication for Japan's Foreign Policy" written by HOSOYA, Yuichi, Professor, Keio University
- August 2017: "Does Economic Interdependence not Encourage Collaboration? ―Thinking Japan-China Relations from an Economic Perspective―" written by Takashi SEKIYAMA, Ph.D., Toyo University
- July 2017: Proposal article "The Trump Administration's Impact on the Cross-Strait Relations" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
- June 2017: Proposal article "The outlook for the relationship between two great powers and implications for Japanese diplomacy" written by Professor Shin Kawashima
- May 2017: (Emergency Proposal) Facing the Inconvenient Truth: Re-examining Policy for Peace and Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (Chief author, Masao Okonogi)
- March 2017: "Economic Influences of the Trump Administration" written by Professor Motoshige Ito
- February, 2017: Proposal article "Trump's Foreign and Security Policy - Unpredictable President, Realistic Secretaries - " written by Mr. Tsuneo Watanabe is posted on the website of SSDP.
- December, 2016: Proposal article "Reconsidering North Korea Policy: How to Deal with a Nuclear Armed Divided States" written by Professor Masao Okonogi is posted on the website of SSDP.
- Taiwan-Japan Round Table on August 24th, at Capital Tokyu Hotel
- Japan-Korea Political Leaders Dialogue was held on February 10th,2023 at International House of Japan
- March 2022, A remembrance seminar "Remembering Professor Ezra Vogel" held on January 17, 2022
- March 2021, Japan-ROK Parliamentary Dialogue -Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Era of US-China Competition- held on March 11, 2021
- December 2020: The report of the Japan-ROK Future Dialogue held on November 21 to discuss "Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Post-Covid-19 Era
- October 2020: "Responses to COVID-19 and Agendas for the Post-COVID-19 Era", A Brief Overview of the Japan-Korea Experts Dialogue held on July 29,30, 2020
- October 2020: "The China-Taiwan Confrontation over Corona Response and Taiwan's Security" written by Makoto Ogata, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- May 2020: "Rivalries in the Middle East in New Security Dynamics", Written by Sayed Ghoneim, Major General (retired) of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Chairman, Institute for Global Security & Defence Affairs
- March 2020: The Japan-South Korea Relationship in a Cul-de-Sac--- Where is an Exit ? Masao Okonogi Professor Emeritus, Keio Universit
- December 2019: The Hong Kong Upheaval and the Future of Cross-Straits Relations-The 2019 Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue Report OGATA, Makoto Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- August 2019: Report; 2019 FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE --Sustainable Prosperity and Future of Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation-- By Future Consensus Institute (Yeosijae)
- June 2019: Report on India – Japan Security Dialogue 2019 by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D Student, The University of Tokyo
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June 2019: Four papers on Japan-India Cooperation submitted to India-Japan Security Dialogue 2019
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation -
The Significance and Possibilities of India-Japan Cooperation in the Concept of the Indo-Pacific
Toru ITO Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan -
Japan-India Defense Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Context - Operationalizing the Security Aspect of the Indo-Pacific Vision –
Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) -
India-US-Japan Defense Cooperation: What's next?
Dr. Satoru Nagao, Hudson Institute
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Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
- November 2018: "The Present State of the Japanese Economy and Policy Issues" lectured by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo.
- November 2018: "Expanding Social Security Expenses and Fiscal Reforms" lectured by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor at Hosei University.
- September 2018: "Taiwan Identity and Cross-Strait Relations and Trump's Taiwan Policy and the Future of Taiwan-US Relations-Discussion at The Second Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue (June 21, 2018, Taipei)-" written by OGATA, Makoto
- September 2018: "Japan-Taiwan Dialogue 2018 Minutes", 21st June 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.
- July 2018: Report on The Second Japan – Philippines Strategic Dialogue prepared by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo University.
- May 2018: "Civilian Control "at Crisis"? – Perhaps Not, for the Case of the Field Sit-reps from SDF's South Sudan Mission" reported by Ippeita Nishida, Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2018: "Fukushima, Genki?Project-Young Taiwanese volunteers introduce the facts on Fukushima's revival through documentary films-" reported by OGATA, Makoto, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- December 2017: "Commemorating a Quarter Century of Dispatches of the JSDF's PKO Units: Challenges and Possibilities in the Post South Sudan" written by Takayuki Shoji, Lecturer, Nihon University
- November 2017: "19th CCP National Congress" written by Mr. Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Fondation
- October 2017: "What is Japan's Role in the Indo-China border conflict?" written by Dr. NGAO,Satoru, Research Fellow, Institute for Future Engineering
- July 2017: "Overview of the Current Situation in Taiwan-" the Naturally Independent Generation" will affect the Taiwan"s politics-" written by Makoto Ogata MGE.(Ret.)
- June 2017: "Japan-U.S. Economic Dialogue" written by Mr.Takaaki Asano
- March 2017: "The Japan-Philippines Strategic Dialogue" written by Mr. Hideshi Tokuchi
- February, 2017: Current topic "The Importance of Japan's Security Role Under Trump" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao is posted on the SSDP website.
- December, 2016: Current topic "Widening Security Task: Will SDF do the Job?" written by Mr. Ippeita Nishida is posted on the SSDP website.
- July 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no2" (How Has South Korea Changed under the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration?) in English edition was published.
- April 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no1" (The Middle East in Turmoil) in English edition was published.
- December 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no4" (What is th Global South?) in English edition was published.
- September 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no3" (Hegemonic America: Where It's Headed) in English edition was published.
- June 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no2" (Nuclear Crisis Scenarios Facing Japan and the Outlook of Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control and Disarmament) in English edition was published.
- March 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no1" (What Will Happen to European Security?―Facing the War in Ukraine) in English edition was published.
- January 2023, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 4)" - Defending Our Country – Defense Policy in a "New Cold War Era - was published.
- October 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 3)" - Xi Jinping's China - Politics, Economy, Society and Diplomacy - was published.
- Jun 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 2)" -The Russia-Ukraine War and Its Global Impact- was published.
- March 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 1)"-What is Economic Security?- was published.
- December 2021, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 3 no 4)"-Korean Peninsula Situation- was published.
- September 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no03" -Asia's Security II- (English edition)
- June 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no02" -Asia's Security I- (English edition)
- March 2021: Research journal "Security Studies (vol3 no1) "- US Foreign Policy in the Biden Administration / The 2020 US Presidential Election and American Democracy -(English edition)
- December 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no4) "- Normalize Japan-South Korea Relations trough Dialogues -(English edition)
- September 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no3) "-The Novel Coronavirus and Security-(English edition)
- July 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no2) - Middle East Situation and Japan's Security - " (English edition) was published
- May 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no1) - Cyber, Space, Environment and Security - " March 2020 (English edition)
- February 2020, "A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no4) " (English edition)"
- September 2019: A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no3) " (English edition)
- August 2019: Korea-Japan Joint Seminar: FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE
- April 2019: "Security Studies (vol1 no2) April 2019"
- March 2019: A research journal "Security Studies vol1 no01" just published
- February 2019: The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Takeshima Issue
- December 2018: Former Vice Defense Minister Masahiro Akiyama's Memoirs (An Ad)
- November 2018: Participation in the Future Consensus Forum held in Beijing
- September 2018: "2018 Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue" reported by Masahiro Akiyama
- 2017 December: "The Butterfly Project-A possibility of showing a solution to the North Korea problem-"
- October 2017: Campaign on the problems with North Korea
- August 2017: A New Containment Policy Strategy
- June 2017: Korean peninsla
- March 2017: President Duterte
- February, 2017: Kazakhstan
- November, 2016: Participated in Astana Club 2016 held in Kazakhstan on November 14- 16, 2016.