The Development of Regional Security Architecture:
From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific
Ken Jimbo
Keio University
The Three-Tiered Structure of Regional Security
In the early 2010s, the present author and his peers advocated the importance of conceiving security in the Asia-Pacific region as an "architecture." 1 Then, we tentatively defined regional security architecture as follows: "Taking the distribution of power in a given region as the fundamental component, the overall structure of interrelationships between alliances, functional cooperation, and regional cooperation formed among the main actors who have common interests in regional security to achieve clear objectives." We propounded it as a concept for policy analysis of security in the Asia-Pacific. The Asia-Pacific security architecture has three layers: (1) the US bilateral alliance networks (the first layer); (2) ad hoc cooperation formed by security issues (the second layer); and (3) regionwide security cooperation (the third layer). We thought it important to take up these three layers as analytical concepts and to understand their interrelationships. 2
First, the hub-and-spokes bilateral alliances with the United States and their networks [the first layer]. From the end of World War II to the Cold War era, the United States shaped the security order in the Asia-Pacific region through the bilateral alliance system (US-Japan, US-ROK, US-Australia, US-Philippines, and US-Thailand relationships). From the post-Cold War period to the present day, the US-centered "hub-and-spokes" bilateral relationships have gradually evolved into cooperation among allies and partner countries (spokes) while increasing collaboration with non-allied actors based on existing alliances. This trend is a phenomenon known as "networking."
Second, the formation of diverse ad hoc security cooperation by security issues [the second layer]. In other words, it is the formation of flexible cooperative relationships not necessarily constrained by the distribution of power, geographical concepts, or existing institutions but based on the sharing of common security issues. For example, concerning cooperation on non-traditional security issues (disaster relief, humanitarian assistance, collaboration against international organized crimes and terrorism, health and sanitation, etc.) in the Asia-Pacific region, flexible cooperation packages have been formed among regional countries. What is particularly distinctive in relation to regional security architecture is that the importance of [the second layer], which failed to be sufficiently focused, has become highlighted.
Thirdly, the gradual institutionalization of regional security cooperation [the third layer]. The Asia-Pacific region had long lacked an institution for comprehensive security cooperation. However, regular meetings at the level of heads of state, foreign ministers, and defense ministers have now come to be convened: the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) established in 1994, the East Asia Summit (EAS) established in 2005, and the expanded ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM Plus), which greatly expanded the number of participating countries in 2010. In addition, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) established in 2001 and the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA), which instituted summit meetings in 2002, have enlarged their functions as institutions for wider security cooperation, joined by China, Russia, and some other countries in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East.
Changes in the "Three-Tiered" Security Architecture
A regional security architecture will change depending on the transformation of the security environment and the security capabilities and intentions of regional players. A few years after the present author proposed a system of understanding based on the Asia-Pacific regional security architecture mentioned at the beginning of this paper, the interaction of checks and cooperation was observed in the Asia-Pacific regional security architecture against the background of the rise of China in Asia and territorial disputes and maritime tensions in the East and South China Seas.
What was most noteworthy about the Asia-Pacific regional situation around 2015 was the "rebalancing" policy pursued by the Obama administration. The Obama administration rebalanced its defense strategy toward the Asia-Pacific region, emphasizing alliances as the foundation for regional security, and announced increased cooperation with partner countries. 3 According to the description of the US National Military Strategy and other documents, the three key concepts of "geographical dispersion, operational resilience, and political sustainability" emerged for rebuilding the US military posture. 4 The "geographical dispersion" means a presence that allows the US forces operational access not merely to Northeast Asia but also to the entire Asia as a whole. This concept represents not only the stationing of US military units but also "a presence with a more dynamic character" such as rotational deployment and joint exercises. 5
In the meantime, the "Guidelines for Japan-US Defense Cooperation" released in April 2015 articulates that Japan and the United States will "take measures to ensure Japan's peace and security in a seamless manner at any stage from peacetime to emergencies." The document also emphasizes the promotion of seamless alliance cooperation and the enhancement of cooperation with other allies and partner countries. 6 The June 2014 US-Australia Summit agreed to closer defense and security cooperation between Australia and the United States; in August 2014, the two allies signed the Force Posture Agreement between Australia and the United States at the Australia-US Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN). 7 The agreement provides a legal basis and a financial burden-sharing framework for the rotational deployment of US Marines, emphasizing the enhancement of joint training and exercises between US military units and the Australian military. In May 2014, the United States and the Philippines signed the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), which calls for strengthening US-Philippine joint military operations and improving the capabilities of the Philippine Armed Forces. 8 The Agreement has enabled the rotational deployment of US forces and the construction of US military facilities in the Philippines, urging both countries to strengthen the activities of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief and to increase opportunities for bilateral training.
In summary, in [the first layer], efforts were made to seek "geographical dispersion" to ensure US operational access, as the relationships between the United States and its allies deepened. As for the maritime security challenges faced by US allies, they were encouraged to improve their capabilities of addressing and managing those challenges. On the other hand, capacity-building assistance for partner countries (especially the ASEAN coastal countries) has emerged as a vital issue demanding US attention.
In [the second layer], ad hoc cooperation progressed in the areas of (1) humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HA/DR) and (2) maritime security. In response to Typhoon Haiyan, which struck the central Philippines on November 8, 2013, causing tremendous damage, military officials from as many as 20 countries were dispatched to the affected areas to provide restoration and humanitarian assistance. The US military dispatched the aircraft carrier USS George Washington and the landing ship USS German Town; US Marines who operated on land and supportive naval and air forces numbered 13,000 at the time of maximum deployment. Given the probability that large-scale natural disasters will occur with a certain frequency in Asia, regional cooperation in HA/DR will increase. Furthermore, such cooperation will, instead of continuing to be ad hoc, will likely become permanent and institutionalized in [the first and third layers].
The most significant developments in the institutionalization of regional security cooperation [the third layer] are the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) and the expanded ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM Plus). At the 2013 ADMM, the defense ministers of ASEAN countries agreed to establish a regional logistics support framework to promote cooperation in HA/DR. The defense authorities of ASEAN countries are assumed to mutually provide fuel, food, and water and to cooperate in waste disposal.
At the ADMM Plus meeting in August 2013, the participants agreed to convene every two years instead of every three years and to build a platform for closer cooperation among defense officials participating in the ADMM Plus. In addition, they established Expert Working Groups (EWGs) in six areas of HA/DR, maritime security, defense medicine, anti-terrorism, peacekeeping operations, and mine clearance. The ADMM Plus member states agreed to plan and implement joint drills to advance these efforts more effectively.
The Indo-Pacific and "Security Architecture"
A significant change in regional security since the 2020s is the emergence of the "Indo-Pacific" concept. The Indo-Pacific has been attracting attention since the mid-2000s as a wider concept that links the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Endorsed, in due course, by the "Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy" that Japan and the United States launched in 2016-17, the Indo-Pacific came to be viewed as representing a new "magnetism" that affects India, Australia, ASEAN, and far away Europe.
From a security perspective, the regional concept of the Indo-Pacific had a significant background. China's military rise and maritime expansion (in the East and South China Seas and the Indian Ocean) obliged Japan, the United States, Australia, India, and some Southeast Asian countries to face converged security challenges common to them. Strategic dialogues and joint exercises were actively conducted to deal with security challenges in the sea areas vital to those countries. The US Pacific Command changed its name to the Indo-Pacific Command in June 2018. It holds a large area of responsibility (AOR) covering from the Western Pacific to the Indian Ocean. Alignment with key allies and partner countries has increased its strategic integration. The US Indo-Pacific Command now plays a substantial role in the Indo-Pacific region.
The Indo-Pacific Strategic Report released by the US Department of Defense (June 2019) states that the Indo-Pacific is the "most consequential theater" for the future of the United States; the DOD also positions it as the "primary theater." 9 Meanwhile, the "free and open Indo-Pacific," initiated by the Japanese government, includes the "two continents" (Asia and Africa) and the "two oceans" (the Pacific and Indian Oceans) in its geographic scope. The concept aims to promote fundamental principles (the rule of law, freedom of navigation, and the entrenchment and promotion of free trade) and to pursue economic prosperity (physical connectivity, human connectivity, and institutional connectivity). Regarding ensuring peace and stability, it states that, in particular, capacity-building assistance and humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) should be promoted. 10
The Indo-Pacific initiative has functioned as a new "magnetism" drawing European countries into engagement with the Indo-Pacific region. In June 2019, France released a policy paper titled "France and Security in the Indo-Pacific," stating that she will maintain overseas territories and vast exclusive economic zones in the Indo-Pacific to strengthen regional security and the strategic autonomy of regional countries. 11 The United Kingdom also maintains security alignment with other Commonwealth countries through the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA); she is increasing the dispatch of naval vessels and opportunities for joint exercises in the Indian Ocean, the Malacca Strait, and the South China Sea.
The ASEAN also released the "ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific" at its June 2019 summit. 12 The ASEAN Outlook, adopted after many twists and turns, underscores the connectivity and inclusiveness of the Indo-Pacific, advocates restraints on superpower rivalry, and emphasizes its centrality and strategic role as a mediator. Regarding maritime cooperation, there is some mention of security and the ensuring of freedom of navigation and overflight.
How can we evaluate the above developments from the perspective of regional security architecture? In the Indo-Pacific, the US alliances in [the first layer] are unlikely to expand to the entire Indo-Pacific region immediately as an institution. As for regionwide security cooperation frameworks (e.g., the ARF and the ADMM Plus) in [the third layer], South Asian countries have already participated in those frameworks --- India: ARF and ADMM Plus, Pakistan and Sri Lanka: ARF. Therefore, the Indo-Pacific regional security cooperation frameworks have effectively come into being. However, there is no consensus among the regional countries that security cooperation should be institutionalized as an "Indo-Pacific" regionwide framework --- for example, they have, so far, failed to reach a consensus to make participant countries in the ADMM Plus and those in the ARF identical.
The core of the security cooperation unfolding in the Indo-Pacific should be considered to comprise the regional development of US alliance and partnership activities [the first layer] and the expansion of non-institutional, ad hoc cooperation among the regional countries on a bilateral and multilateral basis [the second layer]. The current state of the Indo-Pacific security cooperation includes the activation of joint training and exercises, high-level exchanges, and military branch exchanges associated with maritime security, capacity-building assistance, and defense equipment and technology cooperation. These efforts are gradually becoming more regular and institutionalized.
The First Layer: Regional Development of US Alliance-Partner Relationships
The US-Japan Security Consultative Committee (2+2) held in April 2019 emphasized that the United States and Japan would realize the shared vision of a "free and open Indo-Pacific" while positioning the US-Japan alliance as "the cornerstone of peace, security, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region." 13 According to the US-Japan Security Consultative Committee 2019 Fact Sheet ("III. Working with Partners for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific"), the Committee stresses the following four points: (1) commitment to multilateral cooperation in Southeast Asia through joint training and exercises, capacity building, defense equipment and technology cooperation, and support for ASEAN-related architecture; (2) continued cooperation among the United States, Japan, and Australia and the importance of trilateral joint exercises and capacity building in Southeast Asian and Pacific island countries; (3) the US-Japan-India trilateral cooperation (joint exercises, such as Malabar 2018 and Cope India 2018); and (4) the regularization of quadrilateral engagement among Japan, the United States, Australia, and India. 14
In the past, the US-Japan Security Consultative Committee reiterated the importance of security and defense cooperation with regional countries through "trilateral and multilateral cooperation." But the above joint statement is noteworthy in that it specifically underscores US-Japan-India cooperation and US-Japan-Australia-India (Quad) cooperation while conceiving the Indo-Pacific as a pivot region. This recognition comes from the advancement of bilateral security relationships between Japan, the United States, and Australia (the trilateral cooperation) and between Japan, the United States, Australia, and India (Quad cooperation). From the "hub-spokes" relationships between the United States and its allies, "inter-spoke cooperation" has gradually developed since the 2000s, which has formed the basis for broader alignment in the Indo-Pacific region.
A joint maritime exercise Malabar, the mainstay of security cooperation between Japan, the United States, and India, was originally a bilateral exercise between the United States and India; Japan officially joined it in 2015. The three countries conduct anti-air warfare, surface warfare, mine warfare drills, and special mine-sweeping drills to improve the interoperability of their navies.
The US-Japan-Australia-India (Quad) cooperation is also gradually becoming substantial. In November 2017, the United States, Australia, Japan, and India's diplomatic authorities held a director-general-level strategic dialogue in Manila after an interval of ten years. At its May 2019 meeting, the four countries confirmed their "intention to continue regular consultations." 15 In January 2018, a Quad defense authorities dialogue was convened in India. It was participated by Japan Self-Defense Force Chief of Staff, Joint Staff, Admiral Katsutoshi Kawano; US Pacific Command Commander Admiral Harry B. Harris, Jr; Chairman of the Indian Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Sunil Lanba; and Australian Navy Chief Vice-Admiral Tim Barrett. Taking the opportunity of a UN General Assembly meeting in September 2019, the four countries held their first meeting of foreign ministers in New York. 16
The Second Layer: Expanding Ad Hoc Security Cooperation by Issue Area
Another trend of the Indo-Pacific security cooperation is the expansion of ad hoc cooperation by category and area. In particular, cooperation on maritime issues and humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) is characteristically undertaken by countries sharing common intentions and capabilities, beyond alliance and partnership cooperation in the first layer. The countries in the Indo-Pacific region are improving their mutual interoperability and enhancing their military capabilities and proficiency through, among other things, increased consultations between military officials and participation in joint training and exercises. Moreover, the regional countries are using ad hoc security cooperation as a tool for advancing mutual relationships over security challenges (advance cooperation with countries of concern) and for hedging (improve counter-capabilities against countries of concern). 17
These bilateral and multilateral joint training and exercises are of a great variety, including (1) US military-led multilateral frameworks (Cobra Gold, Pacific Partnership, Khaan Quest, etc.); (2) frameworks led by regional countries (Komodo, Kakadu, La Perouse, various joint exercises among ASEAN countries, etc.); and (3) joint exercises aimed at advancing mutual relations with China (China-ASEAN joint maritime exercises/maritime chart exercises, China-Malaysia-Thailand joint military exercises, etc.). In addition, ad hoc joint exercises with coastal states, taking the opportunity of naval vessels' distant-sea voyages and strategic port calls for defense exchanges, are promoted as part of presence operations.
Such bilateral and multilateral functional cooperation will provide the basis for regionwide security cooperation (the third layer). The ADMM Plus established an Expert Working Group (EWG) in each of the six areas of HA/DR, maritime security, defense medicine, anti-terrorism, peacekeeping operations, and mine clearance. Afterward, the ADMM Plus has expanded the scope of practical exercises to include defense medicine practical exercises, disaster relief exercises, and joint maritime exercises. Although the ADMM Plus still has a long way to go to play an effective role in the situations where actual HA/DR is required, it is noteworthy that a framework has come into existence for regionwide sharing of achievements and experiences accumulated through ad hoc cooperation.
As part of security cooperation in the second layer, capacity building has become increasingly important in recent years. Capacity building is a concept that refers to a broad scope of activities that help improve partner countries' capabilities in national defense. (The definition by the Japanese Ministry of Defense (MoD) is focused more specifically on "human resource development and technical assistance in security and technology-related fields.") 18 Behind the emergence of capacity building as a crucial policy measure are the growing autonomous roles of small and medium-sized states in nontraditional security domains (humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, piracy, cross-border crime, etc.) and the increasing importance of enhancing maritime security capabilities --- maritime law enforcement and maritime domain awareness (MDA) --- of those countries.
The MoD's Medium Term Defense Program (FY2019-FY2023) states, "Japan will work with countries of the Indo-Pacific region to support advance capacity development efforts based on their voluntary ownership, so as to enable counterpart military organizations to contribute further towards international peace and regional stability." 19 The Japanese government has pledged to provide patrol vessels to the Philippine Coast Guard to strengthen its maritime law enforcement capabilities; patrol boats to the Sri Lankan Coast Guard and the Djibouti Coast Guard; and three-year aid worth about $500 million to support maritime security capacity building in coastal states in the Indo-Pacific region.
Conclusion
An attempt to reconsider security in Asia from the perspective of regional security architecture provides an analytical framework that helps categorize the objectives, functions, and roles of security systems and understand their interactions. The discourse on the Asian security architecture will, through comparison with the European security architecture, highlight differences between the two security architectures. The NATO collective defense system; the expansion of the NATO's mission and membership; NATO's organizational reforms, and the role of the interrelationships between the EU and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) --- these are sufficient to convince oneself that it is erroneous to represent the recent progress of security cooperation in Asia as indicating an "Asian version of NATO." Such an understanding would make one overlook some embryonic changes in the current Asian security architecture.
The Indo-Pacific security architecture is still in an embryonic stage and has yet to be discussed in its entirety. However, as major actors are gradually accepting and disseminating the "Indo-Pacific" as a policy concept, it is undoubtedly diminishing its importance as a strategic space. The future formation of the Indo-Pacific architecture will depend on the progress of bilateral and multilateral security cooperation and its institutionalization.
(This paper was translated into English by Tsutomu Inuzuka, SSDP Associate.)
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- June 2021, "The Indo-Pacific Regional Architecture: Its Future--- Multipolar Order Beyond US-China Relations ---" by Tsutomu Kikuchi, Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University
- June 2021, "The Quad Plus in the Security of Asia: Its Significance and Outlook" by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- June 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, The Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University
- June 2021, "Normalized Tensions in the Cross-Strait Relations--- Structural Changes in Taiwanese Society and the Xi Jinping Administration's Strategic Shift ---" by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- June 2021, "China's Maritime Strategy and Responses of the United States and Japan" by Yoji Koda, Former Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet
- June 2021, "The South China Issues from the Perspective of the International Law Order",by Shigeki Sakamoto, Emeritus Professor, Kobe University
- May 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, Kyushu University
- May, 2021, "The Philippine Foreign and Security Policy Perspective" written by Yusuke Takagi Associate Professor,National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- May, 2021, "Vietnam's Security: Challenges and Responses" written by Tomotaka Shoji Head, Asia and Africa Division, Regional Studies Department, National Institute for Defense Studies
- March, 2021, "Can the Biden Administration Restore America as a Global Leader?" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, the National Defense Academy of Japan.
- March, 2021, "The Biden Administration and Japan's Security Strategy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- February,2021, "US Foreign and Security Policy Direction Viewed from the Biden Administration's Lineup" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- February,2021, "Trade Policies of the Biden Administration" written by Takaaki Asano, Senior Analyst, Sumitomo Corporation Global Research Co. Ltd.
- February,2021, "The Biden Administration's Policy toward Russia" written by Taisuke Abiru, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "Will US Policy Toward China Change?" lectured by Ryo Sahashi, Associate Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "How will China View the Biden Administration?" written by Bonji Ohara, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "An Assessment of the 2020 US Presidential Election-American Democracy Now-" lectured by Fumiaki Kubo, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "Two Trumpian Mysteries-Why did Trump win over 70 million votes? Why is his outrageous behavior unchecked?-" lectured by Kazuhiro Maeshima, Professor, Sophia University
- September, 2020, "The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Internationa Relationsl" by Matake Kamiya, Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan
- September, 2020, "The Policy Agenda for the Xi Jinping Administration- COVID-19 Countermeasures and China's International Relations -" by Shin Kawashima, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- "Control in the United States and International Relations" by Koji Murata, Professor, Doshisha University
- September, 2020, "The EU's Response to COVID-19 and International Relations" by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- August, 2020, "The Corona Crisis Seen from a Macroeconomic Perspective" written by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
- August, 2020, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Japan's Infectious Disease Control" written by Takashi Mihara, Senior Research Fellow, NLI Research Institute
- August, 2020, "Infectious Disease Crisis Control in Japan- Recommendations on an Exit Strategy -" written by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor, Hosei University
- August, 2020, "Security against Infectious Disease Threats --- Policy Responses Abroad" written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- June 2020,"Transformation of the International Order in the Middle East--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order" written by Satoshi Ikeuchi, Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
- June 2020,"Destabilization in the Middle East and its Impacts on Japan's Energy Security" written by Amane Kobayashi, Research Fellow, The Institute of Energy Economics
- May 2020: Urgent Recommendations "Toward a V-shaped Recovery after the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic "Coronavirus Testing for All" --- the First Step of the Next Phase"
- May 2020: "US Diplomacy toward Iran: Economic Sanctions as a Diplomatic Tool" Hiroki Sugita Columnist, Kyodo News
- "Russian Factors in the Middle East" Taisuke Abiru Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- "The SDF Dispatches to the Middle East --- History and Significance" Ippeita Nishida Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Space and Security" Kazuto Suzuki Professor, Hokkaido University
- March 2020, "The US Security Space Policy --- With a Focus on the Establishment of Two Space Forces" Yasuhito Fukushima Chief Researcher, The National Institute for Defense Studies
- March 2020, "China's Recent Activities in Space and Cyberspace" Bonji Ohara Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Environmental Security and Japan" Takashi Sekiyama Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- March 2020, "Changes in Global Environment and Security --- US Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
- February 2020, "Cyberspace Security" Motohiro Tsuchiya Professor, Keio University
- February 2020, "Japan's Space and Cyberspace Policy" Yukinari Hirose Former President of the National Institute for Defense Studies
- December 2019, "The US-China Confrontation --- Where Will Hegemony Reside Next?" Akio Takahara Professor, the University of Tokyo
- December 2019, "Challenges Facing the Chinese Economy" Osamu Tanaka Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
- December 2019, "US Strategic Perception on China: Implications for US Allied Partners" Tsuneo Watanabe Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- November 2019, "The Xi Jinping Administration's View of the International Order– China's emphasis on United Nations diplomacy and liberal economic policies−" Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- November 2019, "The Future of China's Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- November 2019, "China --- Its Confidence and Anxiety" Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- August 2019: Several Perspectives on the Korean Peninsula Issue--- The Deteriorating Japan-South Korea Relationship and the Uncertain Denuclearization of North Korea --- By Masahiro Akiyama Chairman, the SSDP
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea--- What is the Stance of North Korea?---", Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea --- How will the US move?", Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2019, "Discussion on Denuclearization of North Korea", SSDP Discussion Meeting on May 8, 2019
- May 2019: "Current Status and Prospects of South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History: How to address the Judicial Problems", Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- May 2019: "South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History" (Comments), Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- May 2019: Japan and South Korea Relationships (Question & Answer)
- March 2019: "The Present State and Prospects of the Indian Economy and Economic Policies" written by Koji Kobayashi, Senior Economist Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
- March 2019: "The "Modi diplomacy" in the History of Indian diplomacy--- Departure from or maintenance of the traditional diplomacy? ---" written by Toru Ito, The National Defense Academy of Japan
- February 2019: Dynamics of Indian Politics and the 2019 General Elections, written by Chiharu Takenaka, Professor of Rikkyo University
- February 2019: "Cooperative Strategy" to Realize "Competitive Strategy"--- The composite structure of Japan's "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy (vision) ---, written by Matake Kamiya, Professor at The National Defense Academy of Japan
- January 2019:, A paper, "How will the US midterm elections results affect the Trump administration's foreign policy for 2019?" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2019:, A paper, "The Present and Future of the International Trade Order" , written by Akihiko Tamura, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- December 2018: The US-China Competition and Japan, written by Ryo Sahashi, Professor at Kanagawa University
- December 2018: An Outlook for the US-China Trade War―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―, written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate professor at Toyo University
- September 2018: Proposal, "The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Restoration of Peace in the Korean Peninsula― Correct Perceptions and Eight Proposals on Japan's North Korea Diplomacy-" edited by the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- September 2018: "The Taiwan Policy of the Xi Jinping Administration in its Second Term: An Outlook on Cross-Strait Relations in the New Era" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor of the Tokyo University
- July 2018: "The EU States and Russia on North Korea Issues- Expansion of Influence through Diplomacy: Attempts and Limitations -" lectured by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor of Keio University
- "An Assessment of the US-North Korea Summit and an Outlook for the Future of the Korean Peninsula" lectured by Junya Nishino, Professor of Keio University
- "Korean Peninsula Issue and Japan's Future Security Policy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow of National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2018: "US North Korea policy affected by personnel changes in the Trump administration" lectured by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- "China-North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping" lectured by Shin Kawashima, Professor of the Tokyo University.
- "North Korean Denuclearization and Russia" lectured by Nobuo Shimotomai, Professor of the Hosei University.
- March 2018: "The Network Hegemony Theory for a Security Architecture in The Asia Pacific Region" lectured by Masahiro Akiyama, Chairman, the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- January 2018: "A Destabilized Middle East" lectured by Koichiro Tanaka, Professor, Keio University
- December 2017: "Problems in Sino-Japanese Relations, 1992-2042" lectured by Ezra F. Vogel, Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University
- November 2017: "The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region" written by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Fellow, the Meiji Institute for Global Affairs, Former Minister Foreign Affairs
- October 2017: "A New Trend in India's Foreign Policy and Japan" Written by HIROSE,Takako, Professor, Senshu University
- August 2017: "The Shocks that shook the Transatlantic World and their Implication for Japan's Foreign Policy" written by HOSOYA, Yuichi, Professor, Keio University
- August 2017: "Does Economic Interdependence not Encourage Collaboration? ―Thinking Japan-China Relations from an Economic Perspective―" written by Takashi SEKIYAMA, Ph.D., Toyo University
- July 2017: Proposal article "The Trump Administration's Impact on the Cross-Strait Relations" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
- June 2017: Proposal article "The outlook for the relationship between two great powers and implications for Japanese diplomacy" written by Professor Shin Kawashima
- May 2017: (Emergency Proposal) Facing the Inconvenient Truth: Re-examining Policy for Peace and Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (Chief author, Masao Okonogi)
- March 2017: "Economic Influences of the Trump Administration" written by Professor Motoshige Ito
- February, 2017: Proposal article "Trump's Foreign and Security Policy - Unpredictable President, Realistic Secretaries - " written by Mr. Tsuneo Watanabe is posted on the website of SSDP.
- December, 2016: Proposal article "Reconsidering North Korea Policy: How to Deal with a Nuclear Armed Divided States" written by Professor Masao Okonogi is posted on the website of SSDP.
- Taiwan-Japan Round Table on August 24th, at Capital Tokyu Hotel
- Japan-Korea Political Leaders Dialogue was held on February 10th,2023 at International House of Japan
- March 2022, A remembrance seminar "Remembering Professor Ezra Vogel" held on January 17, 2022
- March 2021, Japan-ROK Parliamentary Dialogue -Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Era of US-China Competition- held on March 11, 2021
- December 2020: The report of the Japan-ROK Future Dialogue held on November 21 to discuss "Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Post-Covid-19 Era
- October 2020: "Responses to COVID-19 and Agendas for the Post-COVID-19 Era", A Brief Overview of the Japan-Korea Experts Dialogue held on July 29,30, 2020
- October 2020: "The China-Taiwan Confrontation over Corona Response and Taiwan's Security" written by Makoto Ogata, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- May 2020: "Rivalries in the Middle East in New Security Dynamics", Written by Sayed Ghoneim, Major General (retired) of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Chairman, Institute for Global Security & Defence Affairs
- March 2020: The Japan-South Korea Relationship in a Cul-de-Sac--- Where is an Exit ? Masao Okonogi Professor Emeritus, Keio Universit
- December 2019: The Hong Kong Upheaval and the Future of Cross-Straits Relations-The 2019 Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue Report OGATA, Makoto Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- August 2019: Report; 2019 FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE --Sustainable Prosperity and Future of Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation-- By Future Consensus Institute (Yeosijae)
- June 2019: Report on India – Japan Security Dialogue 2019 by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D Student, The University of Tokyo
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June 2019: Four papers on Japan-India Cooperation submitted to India-Japan Security Dialogue 2019
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation -
The Significance and Possibilities of India-Japan Cooperation in the Concept of the Indo-Pacific
Toru ITO Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan -
Japan-India Defense Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Context - Operationalizing the Security Aspect of the Indo-Pacific Vision –
Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) -
India-US-Japan Defense Cooperation: What's next?
Dr. Satoru Nagao, Hudson Institute
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Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
- November 2018: "The Present State of the Japanese Economy and Policy Issues" lectured by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo.
- November 2018: "Expanding Social Security Expenses and Fiscal Reforms" lectured by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor at Hosei University.
- September 2018: "Taiwan Identity and Cross-Strait Relations and Trump's Taiwan Policy and the Future of Taiwan-US Relations-Discussion at The Second Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue (June 21, 2018, Taipei)-" written by OGATA, Makoto
- September 2018: "Japan-Taiwan Dialogue 2018 Minutes", 21st June 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.
- July 2018: Report on The Second Japan – Philippines Strategic Dialogue prepared by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo University.
- May 2018: "Civilian Control "at Crisis"? – Perhaps Not, for the Case of the Field Sit-reps from SDF's South Sudan Mission" reported by Ippeita Nishida, Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2018: "Fukushima, Genki?Project-Young Taiwanese volunteers introduce the facts on Fukushima's revival through documentary films-" reported by OGATA, Makoto, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- December 2017: "Commemorating a Quarter Century of Dispatches of the JSDF's PKO Units: Challenges and Possibilities in the Post South Sudan" written by Takayuki Shoji, Lecturer, Nihon University
- November 2017: "19th CCP National Congress" written by Mr. Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Fondation
- October 2017: "What is Japan's Role in the Indo-China border conflict?" written by Dr. NGAO,Satoru, Research Fellow, Institute for Future Engineering
- July 2017: "Overview of the Current Situation in Taiwan-" the Naturally Independent Generation" will affect the Taiwan"s politics-" written by Makoto Ogata MGE.(Ret.)
- June 2017: "Japan-U.S. Economic Dialogue" written by Mr.Takaaki Asano
- March 2017: "The Japan-Philippines Strategic Dialogue" written by Mr. Hideshi Tokuchi
- February, 2017: Current topic "The Importance of Japan's Security Role Under Trump" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao is posted on the SSDP website.
- December, 2016: Current topic "Widening Security Task: Will SDF do the Job?" written by Mr. Ippeita Nishida is posted on the SSDP website.
- July 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no2" (How Has South Korea Changed under the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration?) in English edition was published.
- April 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no1" (The Middle East in Turmoil) in English edition was published.
- December 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no4" (What is th Global South?) in English edition was published.
- September 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no3" (Hegemonic America: Where It's Headed) in English edition was published.
- June 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no2" (Nuclear Crisis Scenarios Facing Japan and the Outlook of Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control and Disarmament) in English edition was published.
- March 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no1" (What Will Happen to European Security?―Facing the War in Ukraine) in English edition was published.
- January 2023, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 4)" - Defending Our Country – Defense Policy in a "New Cold War Era - was published.
- October 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 3)" - Xi Jinping's China - Politics, Economy, Society and Diplomacy - was published.
- Jun 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 2)" -The Russia-Ukraine War and Its Global Impact- was published.
- March 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 1)"-What is Economic Security?- was published.
- December 2021, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 3 no 4)"-Korean Peninsula Situation- was published.
- September 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no03" -Asia's Security II- (English edition)
- June 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no02" -Asia's Security I- (English edition)
- March 2021: Research journal "Security Studies (vol3 no1) "- US Foreign Policy in the Biden Administration / The 2020 US Presidential Election and American Democracy -(English edition)
- December 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no4) "- Normalize Japan-South Korea Relations trough Dialogues -(English edition)
- September 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no3) "-The Novel Coronavirus and Security-(English edition)
- July 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no2) - Middle East Situation and Japan's Security - " (English edition) was published
- May 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no1) - Cyber, Space, Environment and Security - " March 2020 (English edition)
- February 2020, "A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no4) " (English edition)"
- September 2019: A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no3) " (English edition)
- August 2019: Korea-Japan Joint Seminar: FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE
- April 2019: "Security Studies (vol1 no2) April 2019"
- March 2019: A research journal "Security Studies vol1 no01" just published
- February 2019: The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Takeshima Issue
- December 2018: Former Vice Defense Minister Masahiro Akiyama's Memoirs (An Ad)
- November 2018: Participation in the Future Consensus Forum held in Beijing
- September 2018: "2018 Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue" reported by Masahiro Akiyama
- 2017 December: "The Butterfly Project-A possibility of showing a solution to the North Korea problem-"
- October 2017: Campaign on the problems with North Korea
- August 2017: A New Containment Policy Strategy
- June 2017: Korean peninsla
- March 2017: President Duterte
- February, 2017: Kazakhstan
- November, 2016: Participated in Astana Club 2016 held in Kazakhstan on November 14- 16, 2016.