An Expanded NATO's Nuclear Strategy
Yoko Iwama
1. NATO's Nuclear Strategy in the Cold War Era
NATO's nuclear strategy during the Cold War was in essence the massive retaliation strategy. The US administration of President Eisenhower, inaugurated in 1953, reviewed the previous US defense strategy and announced in early 1954 the "massive retaliation strategy" that relied heavily on nuclear deterrence. This was incorporated into NATO's strategy in December of that year. The North Atlantic Council (NAC) adopted a strategic document MC 48, which confirmed the policy of intensive use of nuclear weapons in the early stages of a defensive war. The Eisenhower administration adopted its massive retaliation strategy for political and military reasons. The Korean War, which had imposed significant financial and human burdens on the United States, ended at last; and there appeared a political trend seeking to reduce defense spending and to return society to normalcy. 1 During his election campaign, Eisenhower employed a lot of rhetoric to the effect that he, unlike Truman, would use US forces more boldly to soon end the Korean War and focus on economic and social recovery. For the United Kingdom also, which at that time was in dire financial straits and desperate to maintain the British empire, it was in its interest to reduce conventional forces in favor of nuclear deterrent; the British situations facilitated the Eisenhower administration's change of strategy. 2
After his election, Eisenhower's political message that the threat of using nuclear weapons was instrumental to ending the Korean War had much to do with formulating his massive retaliation strategy. In the spring of 1953, Eisenhower ordered that nukes be made available as ordinary weapons; in the summer of the same year, he intimidated China by implying the possibility of using nuclear weapons, stating that the resumption of combat operations would invite consequences "so grave that, in all probability, it would not be possible to confine hostilities within the frontiers of Korea." 3 Effectively, China and the DPRK had already lost their willingness to continue the war, and Stalin's sudden death added momentum toward a cease-fire. This constituted a successful experience for President Eisenhower. 4
Even before taking office as Secretary of State in the Eisenhower administration, Dulles believed that the United States must strengthen deterrence against the DPRK and China by underscoring the threat of nuclear use instead of deploying US ground troops on the Korean Peninsula. From his experience in the US-occupied Japan, Dulles felt that the presence of US military bases and large number of foreign troops would likely strengthen anti-US sentiment. He believed that containment supported by nuclear deterrence and offshore air and naval forces would be preferable. At that time in Europe, the presence of Soviet ground forces was overwhelming. West Germany had completely been demilitarized; the British and French forces were meager in number. Eisenhower did not want to continue stationing large numbers of US troops there. Therefore, the United States needed to formulate a strategy that would not necessitate the deployment of large numbers of soldiers. Stalin's death was followed by détente in Europe. The urgent sense of crisis that an East-West war might start had faded away compared to 1950.
As soon as it adopted the massive retaliation strategy, the Eisenhower administration began deploying many tactical nuclear weapons to US forces in Europe. The mid-1950s was a time when all US military branches competed to develop nuclear weapons, and a wide variety of tactical nuclear weapons were developed and deployed. Although many of these weapons are no longer in use, the period from the late 1950s, when missile ranges were extending day by day, until the arrival of the ICBMs in the 1960s, was the golden age of tactical nuclear weapons' development. Since Eisenhower initially believed that nuclear weapons should be used "as ordinary weapons," they were increasingly deployed on the front lines, aided by NATO's strategy of their early use to stop Warsaw Pact forces advancing westward. If tactical nuclear weapons were to be used in the earliest stages of warfare, they had to be stockpiled on the front lines in advance so that field commanders could employ them in a timely manner. 5
As a result, during the Eisenhower administration, the number of NATO nuclear weapons increased at an extraordinary pace. This increase was due to various factors, including the presence of SAC commander Curtis LeMay and the structure of the US bureaucracy; Eisenhower may not have necessarily wanted the magnitude of the increase, but it occurred under his political responsibility. 6 No nation has ever before or since built nuclear weapons at the pace that the United States did in the late 1950s. The configuration of the East-West confrontation, completed by 1960, was to define the nature of nuclear deterrence until the end of the Cold War. As Figure 1 clearly shows, the number of Soviet nuclear warheads trails along behind the US nuclear warheads. Stalin's policies in the early Cold War era always followed the moves of the West; the establishment of the Warsaw Pact Organization came only after West Germany acceded to NATO, six years later than the North Atlantic Treaty had been signed. Even in his later years, Stalin did not give up on the idea of a neutralized unified Germany; the Stalin Note of March 10, 1952, illustrates this fact. 7
Fig. 1: Estimated Global Nuclear Warhead Inventories
Source: Federation of American Scientists, Status of World Nuclear Forces,
https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/
The Eisenhower administration was proactive about providing nuclear weapons to the allies. However, it could not do so under the provisions of the domestic Atomic Energy Act. In the late 1950s, the United States worked out a new system, in which the US provided nuclear-capable weapons to its allies in advance, stockpiling nuclear warheads in Europe under NATO's nuclear stockpile system. These warheads will be provided to the allies with those nuclear-capable weapons when actual war started. 8 Since the Eisenhower administration desired to reduce US forces in Europe assuming an early-stage use of tactical nuclear weapons, it was logical to expect the European allies to shoulder greater responsibilities, including the possible use of tactical nuclear weapons.
In addition, the Eisenhower administration proposed a multi-national operation of strategic nuclear weapons, whereby multinational crew would jointly operate a Polaris missile armed submarine. This developed into what later came to be known as the Multilateral Force (MLF). 9 This proposal was in the end abandoned by the Johnson administration, but the system which was called the "nuclear stockpile" at that time survived and is now caleed "nuclear sharing." This arrantement was started around 1958-9 under bilateral frameworks between the United States and each ally, and a large number of nuclear carriers were introduced under this system during the Cold War.
2. Adoption of the Flexible Response Strategy and the Establishment of Nuclear Sharing and Consultation System
If one compared Figures 2 and 3, they will notice that the US nuclear deployments on shore in Asia peaked in 1967 and begins to decrease after that. Also, in Europe, US nuclear deployments have leveled off or slightly decreased after their peak in 1967. Yet, the number of nuclear weapons supplied to non-US forces continued to increase until about 1971, raising the overall number of weapons. US nuclear warheads at sea (see Figure 4) reached their peak in 1963. The US nuclear strategy changed its direction with the advent of the Kennedy administration. It shifted from the previous strategic direction of increasing the number and types of deployed nuclear weapons as much as possible, thereby aiming for deterrence with the advantage of overwhelming forces, to one of limiting the number and types of nuclear weapons and of controlling the entire nuclear arsenal to prevent a nuclear war that the United States did not wish. Since arms procurement takes years, the shift of strategic direction does not mean that the number of nuclear weapons will immediately begin to decrease, and a policy change will also take time. When the Kennedy administration came to power, it was astonished by the lax control of nuclear weapons during the Eisenhower era; the new administration immediately strengthened control of warheads by several means including the introduction of the PAL (permissive action link) system.
Fig. 2: US Nuclear Deployments in NATO Europe
Fig. 3: US Nuclear Warheads on Shore in the Pacific Region
(Figs. 2, 3 Source: Robert S. Norris, William M. Arkin & William Burr, "Where they were," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Vol. 5, No.6, November/December 1999, pp. 26-35.)
Fig. 4 US Nuclear Warheads at Sea, 1945-2015
Source: Federation of American Scientists, "Declassified: US Nuclear Weapons At Sea," By Hans Kristensen, February 3, 2016.
https://fas.org/blogs/security/2016/02/nuclear-weapons-at-sea/
Under the Eisenhower administration, the US Army conducted a research project on what a war using tactical nuclear weapons would look like. The effort was named the Pentomic Division, which sought to make divisions smaller and more mobile to minimize the damage sustained from the use of tactical nuclear weapons on battlefield. However, those concerned with this research project concluded that no matter what measures they took, it would be inevitable that if both enemy and friendly forces used many tactical nuclear weapons on Central European battlefields, soldiers and civilians would suffer serious losses. Eventually, the project was abandoned in 1963. 10 By the early 1960s, the massive retaliation strategy had clearly failed. The employment of many tactical nuclear weapons against Warsaw Pact forces advancing westward was an unrealistic choice. NATO conducted several nuclear-war exercises, including the famous "Carte Blanche." All of them suggested that, in actual warfare, casualties would number in the millions. Naturally, the casualties were to include NATO soldiers.
In the early 1950s, the general public did not yet fully understand the possible damage caused by nuclear fallout. However, following the Fifth Lucky Dragon incident, information about the likely damage caused by atomic bombs became widely known in the late 1950s; and from 1957-8, anti-nuclear movements and nuclear abolition movements began to spread worldwide. Such a movement first appeared in Japan because of the Fifth Lucky Dragon incident. In several years that followed, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom successfully tested hydrogen bombs, whose enormous destructive power soon became well known. People became aware that the number of nuclear weapons in the world had already reached tens of thousands; the image of nuclear war as the destruction of the world became firmly rooted and still survives. At the same time, this also meant the establishment of the so-called "nuclear taboo," or the norm of not using nuclear weapons. 11
Due to several multiple causes, there was already a shared understanding within the Kennedy administration at the time of its inauguration that nuclear weapons were difficult to employ, that the US military already had more than enough nuclear weapons, and that the actual risk lay more in the outbreak of an unwanted accidental nuclear war as a result of possessing too many nuclear weapons that could not be well controlled. This recognition was further enhanced by the Berlin-Cuba crisis, and as a result, the increase in the number of nuclear warheads slowed and peaked in the 1960s. Because of concerns about the control of nuclear weapons deployed in the allied countries, the United States decided to bring them back home as much as possible. Although there may have been some resistance from the military, most of the tactical nuclear weapons deployed in the Asia-Pacific region were either retired or moved to Guam or the US mainland in the late 1960s, because the host nations in Asia-Pacific did not have a strong say or desire to deploy nuclear weapons (as was the case of Japan). The reversion of "an Okinawa with no nuclear weapons and the same as mainland Japan (Kakunuki Hondonami)" seems to have been possible because it coincided with this period.
A strategy that materialized the Kennedy administration's strategic thinking was the so-called "flexible response strategy." Discussion of the strategy at the earlier stage went in tandem with the theory of limited nuclear war; theoretically, the limited use of tactical nuclear weapons is not necessarily inconsistent with the flexible response strategy. In Asia, however, the nuclear threshold was in reality raised, and the number of tactical nuclear weapons decreased sharply in the 1960s. The Kennedy and Johnson administrations intended to limit the use of nuclear weapons as much as possible; to rely on strategic nuclear weapons as the ultimate deterrent, and to strengthen American control of whatever remaining nuclear weapons. The administration's intention is evident from the US nuclear posture in the Asia-Pacific region. Using nuclear weapons was discussed during the Vietnam War, but it did not seem to be effective enough to change the war situation, and hence the US government concluded that the possible benefit of the use of nuclear weapons would not offset the political downside. 12
In Europe, however, nuclear weapons continued to increase during this period. In particular, nuclear weapons intended for use by non-US forces continued to increase due probably to political issues inherent to NATO: the question of the balance between nuclear and conventional weapons in NATO had always been intertwined with that of the credibility of US extended nuclear deterrence. After the advent of the Kennedy administration, Secretary of Defense McNamara attempted to introduce in NATO the strategy of flexible response, thereby reducing reliance on nuclear weapons. Soon he encountered the political problem that the reduction of nuclear weapons deployed in Europe might endanger the credibility of US extended deterrence. Any US action considered to weaken US military commitment would cause "abandonment anxiety" on the part of the allies. In addition, European countries were not ready to expand their conventional forces, which would be necessary if they were serious about the flexible response strategy. During this period of political calm and stable economic growth, there was no room in those countries for a significant increase of military budget. 13
In the 1957-68 period, the so-called global nuclear order was established. It was a regime seeking to control the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons by limiting the number of nuclear weapon states, while concurrently providing a sense of security to non-nuclear states through extended deterrence and participation in arms control and disarmament regimes. In the NATO-led nuclear order, the dominant US nuclear arsenal provided extended deterrence to the entire alliance while the United Kingdom and France possessed a minimum nuclear arsenal and would use it for the benefit of NATO as the situation might demand. The political prerequisite for this was that non-nuclear states should maintain trust in the US extended deterrence. To this end, an operational system for tactical nuclear weapons, which gradually came to be known as "nuclear sharing," and nuclear consultation system centering on the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG), created in the late 1960s, constituted the two pillars of the order. 14 These were coupled with the finalization of the non-nuclear status of countries other than the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which meant the accession to the NPT.
The first nuclear consultation among the NATO allies probably date back to discussion on the possibility of US nuclear use during the Korean War. When the Eisenhower administration decided, at the end of 1953, to use nuclear weapons against China in case of the failure of cease-fire talks, the United Kingdom and France—especially the British administration—strongly demanded that any nuclear use must be accompanied by prior consultations. 15 The possession of nuclear delivery means and the storage of nuclear warheads (by the US military) for the purpose of nuclear sharing system are based on bilateral agreements between the United States and each of the host countries. On the other hand, the NPG discusses nuclear operations and strategy as the issues of the NATO alliance. Although initially, there were different treatments among the member states, the NPG today is an equitable organization with the participation of all members except France.
NATO claims to have adopted its "flexible response strategy" in December 1967, but the premise of forward deployment and early defensive use of tactical nuclear weapons remained unchanged. Although the term "massive retaliation" disappeared, strategically, NATO continued to depend heavily on deterrence through the use of nuclear weapons and possible escalation to all-out nuclear war. As a result, thousands of tactical nuclear weapons remained in Central Europe until the late 1980s, ready to be used at short notice any time if necessary.
In Europe, unlike the markedly anti-Communist WWII generation, the postwar generation felt a strong repulsion about this situation; NATO's strategy of relying on nuclear deterrence gradually lost the support of domestic public opinion. This issue reached its zenith in 1983 due to the deployment of intermediate-range nuclear weapons to US forces in Europe based on the NATO Dual Track Decision. The most widespread anti-nuclear and anti-NATO demonstrations occurred in West Germany, but there was also significant opposition in other European countries. The "modernization" of nuclear weapons, even if it entailed a reduction in the total number of nuclear deployment, only gave the impression that "new nukes were coming," undermining the support of domestic public opinion. The escalation of the issue into a genuine alliance crisis was only averted, thanks to the emergence of Gorbachev in 1985. After 1985 the East-West tensions were reduced and the move to disarmament set in, leading to the end of the Cold War. Nonetheless, by 1985, NATO's nuclear problem had, due to their inherent contradictions, given rise to extreme political tensions within the alliance. 16
3. Transition to the Post-Cold War Era
When the Berlin Wall fell in November 1989 and negotiations for the unification of the two Germanies began, the issue of a unified Germany and nuclear weapons should naturally have been a significant focal question. If the Soviet Union had only conducted a better oriented diplomacy, a denuclearized-, unified Germany might have appeared. Public opinion, at least in West Germany, had turned very anti-nuclear by the late 1980s. Anti-nuclear weapons and anti-nuclear power had become a policy issue shared by the two leftist parties, the Social Democrats and the Greens. These liberal parties were at the same time substantially anti-NATO and rather wanted to create an all-European security system out of the CSCE (Council for Security and Cooperation in Europe). The unification of the two Germanies was regarded as something that should occur within the framework of a unified Europe. Undoubtedly, the European integration was important, but particularly in West Germany, people longed for a comprehensive all-European security institution rather than dividing security organizations like NATO and the Warsaw Pact Organization.
The Soviet Foreign Ministry experts were well aware of the above and believed they should demand, if possible, the neutralization, or at least, the denuclearization of a unified Germany. However, Gorbachev did not necessarily respect the views of these experts in the 1990 negotiations; what he acquired through his often arbitrary and inconsistent diplomacy was only a promise that the West would not deploy any nuclear weapon in the former East German territory. The so-called Two-Plus-Four-Treaty on German unification renounced in Article 3 the production, posession, and control of ABC weapons, continuing compliance with the NPT. A ceiling of 370,000 troops was imposed on unified Germany. Until the withdrawal of Soviet forces was completed, only German forces not integrated into NATO were allowed to deploy in the former East German territory. After the withdrawal of Soviet forces, German troops integrated into NATO could be stationed in the same region; but nuclear delivery means were not allowed to deploy there (conventional-nuclear dual-use weapons were permitted limited to their conventional use). Deployment of foreign troops, nuclear weapons, or nuclear delivery means in the former East German territory was not allowed (Article 5).
Russia and the West would later dispute over the meaning of this Article 5. Russia asserted that the West had promised that NATO would not expand further eastward. The Two-Plus-Four-Treaty refers only to the treatment of the former East German territory. The treaty is the postwar settlement of Germany, not that of the Eastern European countries, much less the whole of Europe. The West accepted the denuclearization of the former East German territory, but otherwise, they obtained their utmost demands accepted by Russia. Among the Western leaders, US Secretary of State Baker temporarily considered pledging the non-expansion of NATO eastwards; West German Foreign Minister Genscher also temporarily considered non-accession of a unified Germany to NATO and its neutralization. However, the US and German leaders never agreed on these conditions. Nor did the Soviet side consistently demand these conditions. In the end, the unification of Germany was achieved on the best possible terms that Chancellor Kohl and President Bush had in mind. 17
President Bush, who had refused the denuclearization of Germany, rapidly removed US ground-based nuclear weapons from Europe following the end of the Cold War. On September 27, 1991, in an announcement called the Presidential Nuclear Initiative (PNI), he announced the removal of all US ground-based tactical nuclear weapons overseas and of all tactical nuclear weapons from US surface ships and attack submarines "under normal circumstances." 18 As a result, US nuclear forces in Europe rapidly decreased (see Figure 5). The only nuclear weapons not planned for reduction were the B61 bombs designated for nuclear sharing. These were to be carried by the allies' fighter aircraft known as DCA (dual-capable aircraft). Around one hundred B61s are estimated to be currently stored in several different places in Europe under US force's control.
When Bush announced the PNI, the Soviet Union was on the verge of collapse. The United States feared that Soviet tactical nuclear weapons estimated at 22,000 might become dispersed. The smallest ones of those weapons were said to be small enough to be carried in a duffel bag; if it were to fall into the hands of terrorists, the result would be unpredictable. The Bush administration launched preparations to announce a unilateral disarmament plan in the hope that the Soviet Union might take a similar move. Vice President Cheney was skeptical, but the supportive views of National Security Advisor Scowcroft eventually prevailed. NATO Secretary General Wörner, contacted for consultation, agreed to the plan on condition that the air-delivered systems would remain intact in Europe. President Gorbachev was contacted about the plan by the United States on the morning of September 27. 19
By the end of the year, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Organization were gone; Russia, in political turmoil, was no longer a military threat. Thus, for the first time in its history, NATO was freed from the assumption of defending itself against Russian tanks advancing westward by using tactical nuclear weapons. Since the 1990s, NATO has continued to declare that it will remain a nuclear alliance; the B61 bombs of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements are probably its symbol. For about a generation, for the first time in its history, NATO was freed from the obsession about nuclear strategy.
Fig. 5 US Nukes in Europe (Source: Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, "U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe, 1954-2000," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 2004)
4. NATO Enlargement and Nuclear Deterrence
In 1990, the enlargement of NATO toward the former Warsaw Pact countries was discussed, but no decision had been taken. Czechoslovakia and Poland had already begun to secretly approach NATO for membership. Yet, a further eastern expansion of NATO did not occur until the United States ultimately made a decision—which the Clinton administration made in 1994-5. Accession to NATO necessitated the assurance of, among other things, a certain level of democratization of the emerging countries' armed forces. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999. In 2004, NATO underwent a second round of expansion, and seven countries, including the three Baltic states, joined the alliance. Since 2009, it has further expanded to include the Balkan states. Today the member states number 30.
As mentioned above, the 1990 "Two-Plus-Four-Treaty" pledges to not introduce nuclear weapons into the former East German territory; however it does not mention countries located further east. As a result, NATO expanded eastward, and Russia repeatedly claims they have been "betrayed." NATO insists that there was no promise of non-eastward expansion; meanwhile, it is refraining from permanent stationing of foreign troops and deployment of nuclear weapons in former Eastern European countries. Since the Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014, Eastern European countries have been calling for upgrading territorial defense; NATO has, in effect, gradually increased the presence of troops in Eastern Europe and the Baltic states, albeit not in the form of permanent stationing. On the other hand, there has been, to date, no outstanding movement on the nuclear arms front: the number of B61s remains reduced while no change has been reported in NATO's nuclear strategy.
The only new NATO-related development since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 is Germany's announcement to purchase F-35As. This move has ensured the continuation of NATO's current arrangement of nuclear sharing for the foreseeable future. The German Tornado jet as a DCA was aging, and there was concern that if the present model failed to undergo renewal, it would lead to a gradual German withdrawal from nuclear sharing. 20 When a new German government came to power at the end of 2021, there were strong concerns that it would decide in its coalition agreement to decide to withdraw from the nuclear sharing arrangement. Many emphasized the necessity of the existing system to maintain NATO's nuclear deterrence, and ultimately the new government refrained from making such a decision. Particular emphasis was placed on the possibility that if Germany withdrew from the nuclear sharing arrangement, Poland and the Baltic states might become concerned and want to have US nuclear weapons deployed on their territories. Poland and Romania have often called for more US military presence, but the United States has, so far, deployed only missile defense-related assets to those countries. With the start of the war in Ukraine, the United States announced strengthened US troop presence in Europe but has not mentioned building up their nuclear arsenals.
Conclusion
For a long time after the Cold War, there had been no military threat to NATO on the European continent. As a result, NATO turned into an organization focused on "out of area operations," first in the former Yugoslavia region and then in Afghanistan, where it engaged in peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities. The resurgence of the Russian threat is forcing NATO to reconsider the significance of territorial defense once again. To date, however, discussion among NATO member states has centered on how to provide military support to Ukraine, not on how to conduct NATO's territorial defense and to restore deterrence. Despite Putin's nuclear threats, there has been no official argument for building up the nuclear arsenal of US forces in Europe.
During the Cold War, NATO adopted a defense strategy that relied excessively on nuclear deterrence and the early-stage use of tactical nuclear weapons. But the political cost associated with it was quite high. In the 1980s, NATO was torn apart by the public opinion opposing nuclear weapons and faced repeated alliance crises. At present, opposition against nuclear weapons remains strong in Western European countries; a certain taboo still lingers against discussing the reintroduction of nuclear weapons or a defense strategy that would increase dependence on nuclear deterrence. This situation will probably not change unless Russia resorts to tactical nuclear weapons. Will Europe undertake a military buildup that would enable it to sufficiently defend itself by conventional forces alone? The key will be Germany's decisions. Chancellor Scholz has repeatedly stressed that Germany has changed, using "Zeitenwende" (turning point) as the key phrase for his foreign policy in 2022. But after one year, not much has changed in the Bundeswehr; most of the special defense fund of 100 billion euros Scholz pledged has yet to materialize; Germany's defense spending has so far increased only minimally. It will take time before German diplomacy undergoes a genuine shift.
(Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies)
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- Responding to the Nuclear Threat Masashi Murano
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- August 2022, " Current Assessment of the Xi Jinping's Rule and Prospects for the Third Term of the Xi Administration " written by Takashi Suzuki, Associate Professor, Aichi Prefectural University
- August 2022, " Economic Challenges Awaiting the Xi Jinping Administration As it Enters its Third Term" written by Toshiya Tsugami, Director, Tsugami Toshiya's Works
- July 2022, "The Russian Invasion of Ukraine and the Future International Legal Order" written by Masahiro Kurosaki, Associate Professor, National Defense Academy
- July 2022, "The Ukraine War and Security in East Asia" written by Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2022, "How Will the Ukraine War Change the New US-China Cold War?" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- July 2022, "Impact of the Ukraine War on the Global Economy" written by Tatsuhiko Yoshizaki, Chief Economist, Sojitz Research Institute, Ltd.
- June 2022, "Why War Occurs in Europe?--The Structural Transformation of the European Security Order in the Post-Cold War Era --" written by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- June 2022,"The Russia-Ukrainian War and the Behind-the-Scenes Stance of the United States" "On Economic Security" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- June 2022, "The Russia-Ukraine War and NATO", written by Michito Tsuruoka, Associate Professor, Keio University
- June 2022, "The Ukrainian War Viewed from Theories of International Politics" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, National Defens Academy
- March 2022, "Economic Security Challenges and Cyber Security" written by Jun Osawa, Senior Research Fellow, Nakasone Peace Institute
- March 2022, "On Economic Security" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, the Ntional Defense Academy
- March 2022, ""Economic Security" and the Review of the 2013 NSS and the Related Strategy Documents" written by Nobushige Takamizawa, Visiting Professor, the University of Tokyo
- March 2022, "The US-China Rivalry and Economic Security" written by Yuzo Murayama, Professor, Doshisya University
- March 2022, "Japan's National Security Policies and Science and Technology" written by Nobukatsu Kanehara, Professor, Doshisya University
- March 2022, "Economic Security in the Free Trade Regime" written by Kazuto Suzuki, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January 2022, "The 2022 South Korean Presidential Election and the Next Administration's Foreign and Security Policy" written by Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- January 2022, "North Korea's Nuclear and Missile Development and Japan's Defense" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, GRIPS
- January 2022, "What will Become of Japan-South Korea Relations? The 1965 Japan-South Korea Treaty System in Jeopardy" written by Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- December 2021, "Economic and Social Conditions in North Korea and its Relations with South Korea" written by Mitsuhiro Mimura, Chief Research Fellow, The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia.
- December 2021, "China's Korean Peninsula Policy and North Korea" written by Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo.
- December 2021, "China's Korean Peninsula Policy and North Korea" written by Shunji Hiraiwa, Professor, Nanzan University.
- December 2021, "What to Do with the Relations with North Korea?" written by Hitoshi Tanaka, Chairman for Institute for International Strategy at the Japan Research Institute.
- October 2021, "Strategic Implications of North Korea's Enhanced Nuclear and Missile Capabilities" written by Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- October 2021, "The Biden Administration's North Korea Policy: Its Low Priority and Looming Crises" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- October 2021, "The Evolution of the US-ROK Alliance: Tasks in the Biden Era" written by Yasuyo Sakata, Professor, Kanda University of International Studies.
- September 2021, "The Development of Regional Security Architecture: From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific" written by Ken Jimbo, Professor, Keio University.
- September 2021, "The Strategic Development of Japanese Security Cooperation under Superpower Competition and the Development of the FOIP and its Operationalization" written by Nobushige Takamizawa, Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo.
- August 2021, "Security Perceptions of Central Asian Countries--- From the Perspective of China Studies ---" written by Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo.
- August 2021, "Security in the Indian Ocean Region---Implication of the Galwan Incident for QUAD in the Indo-Pacific" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao, Fellow (Non-Resident), Hudson Institute.
- August 2021, "Easternization and Security in Asia" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- July 2021, "The Ideas of "Autonomy" and "Self-Reliance" in Contemporary India's Foreign Strategy" written by Kazutoshi TAMARI, Associate Professor,Chukyo University.
- July 2021, "Thailand's Security Policies and Threat Perceptions" written by Saya Kiba, Associate Professor, Komatsu University, Faculty of Intercultural Communication.
- July 2021, "Myanmar's Security Perceptions and the February 1 Coup d'Etat" written by Yoshihiro Nakanishi, Associate Professor, Kyoto University.
- July 2021, "Australia's Security Perceptions and the "Asia Threat"" written byTomohiko Satake, Senior Fellow, Defense Policy Division, Policy Studies Department, NIDS .
- June 2021, "The Indo-Pacific Regional Architecture: Its Future--- Multipolar Order Beyond US-China Relations ---" by Tsutomu Kikuchi, Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University
- June 2021, "The Quad Plus in the Security of Asia: Its Significance and Outlook" by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- June 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, The Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University
- June 2021, "Normalized Tensions in the Cross-Strait Relations--- Structural Changes in Taiwanese Society and the Xi Jinping Administration's Strategic Shift ---" by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- June 2021, "China's Maritime Strategy and Responses of the United States and Japan" by Yoji Koda, Former Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet
- June 2021, "The South China Issues from the Perspective of the International Law Order",by Shigeki Sakamoto, Emeritus Professor, Kobe University
- May 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, Kyushu University
- May, 2021, "The Philippine Foreign and Security Policy Perspective" written by Yusuke Takagi Associate Professor,National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- May, 2021, "Vietnam's Security: Challenges and Responses" written by Tomotaka Shoji Head, Asia and Africa Division, Regional Studies Department, National Institute for Defense Studies
- March, 2021, "Can the Biden Administration Restore America as a Global Leader?" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, the National Defense Academy of Japan.
- March, 2021, "The Biden Administration and Japan's Security Strategy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- February,2021, "US Foreign and Security Policy Direction Viewed from the Biden Administration's Lineup" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- February,2021, "Trade Policies of the Biden Administration" written by Takaaki Asano, Senior Analyst, Sumitomo Corporation Global Research Co. Ltd.
- February,2021, "The Biden Administration's Policy toward Russia" written by Taisuke Abiru, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "Will US Policy Toward China Change?" lectured by Ryo Sahashi, Associate Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "How will China View the Biden Administration?" written by Bonji Ohara, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "An Assessment of the 2020 US Presidential Election-American Democracy Now-" lectured by Fumiaki Kubo, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "Two Trumpian Mysteries-Why did Trump win over 70 million votes? Why is his outrageous behavior unchecked?-" lectured by Kazuhiro Maeshima, Professor, Sophia University
- September, 2020, "The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Internationa Relationsl" by Matake Kamiya, Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan
- September, 2020, "The Policy Agenda for the Xi Jinping Administration- COVID-19 Countermeasures and China's International Relations -" by Shin Kawashima, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- "Control in the United States and International Relations" by Koji Murata, Professor, Doshisha University
- September, 2020, "The EU's Response to COVID-19 and International Relations" by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- August, 2020, "The Corona Crisis Seen from a Macroeconomic Perspective" written by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
- August, 2020, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Japan's Infectious Disease Control" written by Takashi Mihara, Senior Research Fellow, NLI Research Institute
- August, 2020, "Infectious Disease Crisis Control in Japan- Recommendations on an Exit Strategy -" written by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor, Hosei University
- August, 2020, "Security against Infectious Disease Threats --- Policy Responses Abroad" written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- June 2020,"Transformation of the International Order in the Middle East--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order" written by Satoshi Ikeuchi, Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
- June 2020,"Destabilization in the Middle East and its Impacts on Japan's Energy Security" written by Amane Kobayashi, Research Fellow, The Institute of Energy Economics
- May 2020: Urgent Recommendations "Toward a V-shaped Recovery after the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic "Coronavirus Testing for All" --- the First Step of the Next Phase"
- May 2020: "US Diplomacy toward Iran: Economic Sanctions as a Diplomatic Tool" Hiroki Sugita Columnist, Kyodo News
- "Russian Factors in the Middle East" Taisuke Abiru Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- "The SDF Dispatches to the Middle East --- History and Significance" Ippeita Nishida Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Space and Security" Kazuto Suzuki Professor, Hokkaido University
- March 2020, "The US Security Space Policy --- With a Focus on the Establishment of Two Space Forces" Yasuhito Fukushima Chief Researcher, The National Institute for Defense Studies
- March 2020, "China's Recent Activities in Space and Cyberspace" Bonji Ohara Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Environmental Security and Japan" Takashi Sekiyama Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- March 2020, "Changes in Global Environment and Security --- US Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
- February 2020, "Cyberspace Security" Motohiro Tsuchiya Professor, Keio University
- February 2020, "Japan's Space and Cyberspace Policy" Yukinari Hirose Former President of the National Institute for Defense Studies
- December 2019, "The US-China Confrontation --- Where Will Hegemony Reside Next?" Akio Takahara Professor, the University of Tokyo
- December 2019, "Challenges Facing the Chinese Economy" Osamu Tanaka Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
- December 2019, "US Strategic Perception on China: Implications for US Allied Partners" Tsuneo Watanabe Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- November 2019, "The Xi Jinping Administration's View of the International Order– China's emphasis on United Nations diplomacy and liberal economic policies−" Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- November 2019, "The Future of China's Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- November 2019, "China --- Its Confidence and Anxiety" Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- August 2019: Several Perspectives on the Korean Peninsula Issue--- The Deteriorating Japan-South Korea Relationship and the Uncertain Denuclearization of North Korea --- By Masahiro Akiyama Chairman, the SSDP
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea--- What is the Stance of North Korea?---", Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea --- How will the US move?", Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2019, "Discussion on Denuclearization of North Korea", SSDP Discussion Meeting on May 8, 2019
- May 2019: "Current Status and Prospects of South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History: How to address the Judicial Problems", Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- May 2019: "South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History" (Comments), Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- May 2019: Japan and South Korea Relationships (Question & Answer)
- March 2019: "The Present State and Prospects of the Indian Economy and Economic Policies" written by Koji Kobayashi, Senior Economist Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
- March 2019: "The "Modi diplomacy" in the History of Indian diplomacy--- Departure from or maintenance of the traditional diplomacy? ---" written by Toru Ito, The National Defense Academy of Japan
- February 2019: Dynamics of Indian Politics and the 2019 General Elections, written by Chiharu Takenaka, Professor of Rikkyo University
- February 2019: "Cooperative Strategy" to Realize "Competitive Strategy"--- The composite structure of Japan's "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy (vision) ---, written by Matake Kamiya, Professor at The National Defense Academy of Japan
- January 2019:, A paper, "How will the US midterm elections results affect the Trump administration's foreign policy for 2019?" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2019:, A paper, "The Present and Future of the International Trade Order" , written by Akihiko Tamura, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- December 2018: The US-China Competition and Japan, written by Ryo Sahashi, Professor at Kanagawa University
- December 2018: An Outlook for the US-China Trade War―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―, written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate professor at Toyo University
- September 2018: Proposal, "The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Restoration of Peace in the Korean Peninsula― Correct Perceptions and Eight Proposals on Japan's North Korea Diplomacy-" edited by the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- September 2018: "The Taiwan Policy of the Xi Jinping Administration in its Second Term: An Outlook on Cross-Strait Relations in the New Era" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor of the Tokyo University
- July 2018: "The EU States and Russia on North Korea Issues- Expansion of Influence through Diplomacy: Attempts and Limitations -" lectured by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor of Keio University
- "An Assessment of the US-North Korea Summit and an Outlook for the Future of the Korean Peninsula" lectured by Junya Nishino, Professor of Keio University
- "Korean Peninsula Issue and Japan's Future Security Policy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow of National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2018: "US North Korea policy affected by personnel changes in the Trump administration" lectured by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- "China-North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping" lectured by Shin Kawashima, Professor of the Tokyo University.
- "North Korean Denuclearization and Russia" lectured by Nobuo Shimotomai, Professor of the Hosei University.
- March 2018: "The Network Hegemony Theory for a Security Architecture in The Asia Pacific Region" lectured by Masahiro Akiyama, Chairman, the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- January 2018: "A Destabilized Middle East" lectured by Koichiro Tanaka, Professor, Keio University
- December 2017: "Problems in Sino-Japanese Relations, 1992-2042" lectured by Ezra F. Vogel, Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University
- November 2017: "The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region" written by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Fellow, the Meiji Institute for Global Affairs, Former Minister Foreign Affairs
- October 2017: "A New Trend in India's Foreign Policy and Japan" Written by HIROSE,Takako, Professor, Senshu University
- August 2017: "The Shocks that shook the Transatlantic World and their Implication for Japan's Foreign Policy" written by HOSOYA, Yuichi, Professor, Keio University
- August 2017: "Does Economic Interdependence not Encourage Collaboration? ―Thinking Japan-China Relations from an Economic Perspective―" written by Takashi SEKIYAMA, Ph.D., Toyo University
- July 2017: Proposal article "The Trump Administration's Impact on the Cross-Strait Relations" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
- June 2017: Proposal article "The outlook for the relationship between two great powers and implications for Japanese diplomacy" written by Professor Shin Kawashima
- May 2017: (Emergency Proposal) Facing the Inconvenient Truth: Re-examining Policy for Peace and Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (Chief author, Masao Okonogi)
- March 2017: "Economic Influences of the Trump Administration" written by Professor Motoshige Ito
- February, 2017: Proposal article "Trump's Foreign and Security Policy - Unpredictable President, Realistic Secretaries - " written by Mr. Tsuneo Watanabe is posted on the website of SSDP.
- December, 2016: Proposal article "Reconsidering North Korea Policy: How to Deal with a Nuclear Armed Divided States" written by Professor Masao Okonogi is posted on the website of SSDP.
- Taiwan-Japan Round Table on August 24th, at Capital Tokyu Hotel
- Japan-Korea Political Leaders Dialogue was held on February 10th,2023 at International House of Japan
- March 2022, A remembrance seminar "Remembering Professor Ezra Vogel" held on January 17, 2022
- March 2021, Japan-ROK Parliamentary Dialogue -Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Era of US-China Competition- held on March 11, 2021
- December 2020: The report of the Japan-ROK Future Dialogue held on November 21 to discuss "Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Post-Covid-19 Era
- October 2020: "Responses to COVID-19 and Agendas for the Post-COVID-19 Era", A Brief Overview of the Japan-Korea Experts Dialogue held on July 29,30, 2020
- October 2020: "The China-Taiwan Confrontation over Corona Response and Taiwan's Security" written by Makoto Ogata, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- May 2020: "Rivalries in the Middle East in New Security Dynamics", Written by Sayed Ghoneim, Major General (retired) of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Chairman, Institute for Global Security & Defence Affairs
- March 2020: The Japan-South Korea Relationship in a Cul-de-Sac--- Where is an Exit ? Masao Okonogi Professor Emeritus, Keio Universit
- December 2019: The Hong Kong Upheaval and the Future of Cross-Straits Relations-The 2019 Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue Report OGATA, Makoto Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- August 2019: Report; 2019 FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE --Sustainable Prosperity and Future of Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation-- By Future Consensus Institute (Yeosijae)
- June 2019: Report on India – Japan Security Dialogue 2019 by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D Student, The University of Tokyo
-
June 2019: Four papers on Japan-India Cooperation submitted to India-Japan Security Dialogue 2019
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation -
The Significance and Possibilities of India-Japan Cooperation in the Concept of the Indo-Pacific
Toru ITO Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan -
Japan-India Defense Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Context - Operationalizing the Security Aspect of the Indo-Pacific Vision –
Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) -
India-US-Japan Defense Cooperation: What's next?
Dr. Satoru Nagao, Hudson Institute
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
- November 2018: "The Present State of the Japanese Economy and Policy Issues" lectured by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo.
- November 2018: "Expanding Social Security Expenses and Fiscal Reforms" lectured by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor at Hosei University.
- September 2018: "Taiwan Identity and Cross-Strait Relations and Trump's Taiwan Policy and the Future of Taiwan-US Relations-Discussion at The Second Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue (June 21, 2018, Taipei)-" written by OGATA, Makoto
- September 2018: "Japan-Taiwan Dialogue 2018 Minutes", 21st June 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.
- July 2018: Report on The Second Japan – Philippines Strategic Dialogue prepared by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo University.
- May 2018: "Civilian Control "at Crisis"? – Perhaps Not, for the Case of the Field Sit-reps from SDF's South Sudan Mission" reported by Ippeita Nishida, Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2018: "Fukushima, Genki?Project-Young Taiwanese volunteers introduce the facts on Fukushima's revival through documentary films-" reported by OGATA, Makoto, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- December 2017: "Commemorating a Quarter Century of Dispatches of the JSDF's PKO Units: Challenges and Possibilities in the Post South Sudan" written by Takayuki Shoji, Lecturer, Nihon University
- November 2017: "19th CCP National Congress" written by Mr. Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Fondation
- October 2017: "What is Japan's Role in the Indo-China border conflict?" written by Dr. NGAO,Satoru, Research Fellow, Institute for Future Engineering
- July 2017: "Overview of the Current Situation in Taiwan-" the Naturally Independent Generation" will affect the Taiwan"s politics-" written by Makoto Ogata MGE.(Ret.)
- June 2017: "Japan-U.S. Economic Dialogue" written by Mr.Takaaki Asano
- March 2017: "The Japan-Philippines Strategic Dialogue" written by Mr. Hideshi Tokuchi
- February, 2017: Current topic "The Importance of Japan's Security Role Under Trump" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao is posted on the SSDP website.
- December, 2016: Current topic "Widening Security Task: Will SDF do the Job?" written by Mr. Ippeita Nishida is posted on the SSDP website.
- July 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no2" (How Has South Korea Changed under the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration?) in English edition was published.
- April 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no1" (The Middle East in Turmoil) in English edition was published.
- December 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no4" (What is th Global South?) in English edition was published.
- September 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no3" (Hegemonic America: Where It's Headed) in English edition was published.
- June 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no2" (Nuclear Crisis Scenarios Facing Japan and the Outlook of Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control and Disarmament) in English edition was published.
- March 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no1" (What Will Happen to European Security?―Facing the War in Ukraine) in English edition was published.
- January 2023, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 4)" - Defending Our Country – Defense Policy in a "New Cold War Era - was published.
- October 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 3)" - Xi Jinping's China - Politics, Economy, Society and Diplomacy - was published.
- Jun 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 2)" -The Russia-Ukraine War and Its Global Impact- was published.
- March 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 1)"-What is Economic Security?- was published.
- December 2021, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 3 no 4)"-Korean Peninsula Situation- was published.
- September 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no03" -Asia's Security II- (English edition)
- June 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no02" -Asia's Security I- (English edition)
- March 2021: Research journal "Security Studies (vol3 no1) "- US Foreign Policy in the Biden Administration / The 2020 US Presidential Election and American Democracy -(English edition)
- December 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no4) "- Normalize Japan-South Korea Relations trough Dialogues -(English edition)
- September 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no3) "-The Novel Coronavirus and Security-(English edition)
- July 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no2) - Middle East Situation and Japan's Security - " (English edition) was published
- May 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no1) - Cyber, Space, Environment and Security - " March 2020 (English edition)
- February 2020, "A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no4) " (English edition)"
- September 2019: A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no3) " (English edition)
- August 2019: Korea-Japan Joint Seminar: FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE
- April 2019: "Security Studies (vol1 no2) April 2019"
- March 2019: A research journal "Security Studies vol1 no01" just published
- February 2019: The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Takeshima Issue
- December 2018: Former Vice Defense Minister Masahiro Akiyama's Memoirs (An Ad)
- November 2018: Participation in the Future Consensus Forum held in Beijing
- September 2018: "2018 Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue" reported by Masahiro Akiyama
- 2017 December: "The Butterfly Project-A possibility of showing a solution to the North Korea problem-"
- October 2017: Campaign on the problems with North Korea
- August 2017: A New Containment Policy Strategy
- June 2017: Korean peninsla
- March 2017: President Duterte
- February, 2017: Kazakhstan
- November, 2016: Participated in Astana Club 2016 held in Kazakhstan on November 14- 16, 2016.