(Project of the Kajima Institute of International Peace)
An Outlook for the US-China Trade War
―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―
Takashi Sekiyama
Associate professor, Toyo University
Introduction
It was March 23, 2018 that a US-China trade war became apparent. On this day, the United States implemented, in accordance with Section 232 of Trade Expansion Act, additional tariff measures for the imports of steel and aluminum products from many countries including China. As a retaliation for this, the Ministry of Commerce of China announced a plan to impose additional tariffs worth approximately USD 3 billion for 128 items of US products. On July 6, 2018, the United States imposed punitive duties of 34 billion US dollars on 818 items of imports from China under the pretext of countermeasures against Chinese infringement of US intellectual property rights. China lost no time in leving commensurate retaliatory tariffs. The exchange of retaliations were followed by the second and third raising of tariffs by both sides on August 23 and on September 24, respectively. Thus, the bilateral confrontation has now heated up.
As of 2017 China is the United States' largest trading partner --- Canada is the second largest, while Mexico and Japan rank as the third and the fourth. Moreover, the ratio of trade with China has recently been increasing in annual US total trade, accounting for 16.3% of the US total trade for 2017 (See Figure 1). For China, too, the United States is the largest trading partner. However, the US-China trade is asymmetrical or imbalanced, and the US trade deficit with China continues expanding, registering USD 375.7 billion in 2017. This amount accounts for 46.3% of the total US trade deficit.
Fig. 1 US Total Trade with China
Source: US Census Bureau
Why are the United States and China intensifying confrontation, while deepening economic mutual interdependence? The relation between economic interdependence and an inter-sate dispute or confrontation is one of the major issues in the discipline of international politics. One interpretation is, as Montesquieu stated, "Expanding economic interdependence is to foster a political cooperative relationship." (Viner 1951 and many others). Meanwhile, there exist critical views against the cooperation-inducing effect of interdependence. Some proponents argue that an increasing economic interdependence is likely to create a political confrontation rather than promote cooperation. (Gilpin 1981 et al.)
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the causal relationship between economic interdependence and diplomatic confrontation between the United States and China, and to provide a prospect of the bilateral trade friction. Regarding the causal relationship where confrontation intensifies under economic interdependence, the hypotheses in the table below are available from preceding researches and the present author's own analysis. This paper is intended to examine these hypotheses.
Table 1 Five Hypotheses on Confrontation under Economic Interdependence
Hypothesis 1: The Thucydides Trap
The first hypothesis is that an existing superpower and a rising superpower inevitably fight for supremacy, and that even economic interdependence cannot deter their struggle for supremacy. A well-known example of this is the years-long Peloponnesian War in ancient Greece that took place between the hegemon Sparta and the emerging power of Athens, as narrated by the famous Greek historian,Thucydides. While an existing superpower desires to maintain the current state of international regimes, an emerging superpower attempts to change the existing regime to be more advantageous to itself; as a result, a friction takes place over their respective positions and can ultimately develop into a total conflict. According to Graham Allison's "Destined For War," actually 12 out of the 16 struggles for supremacy over the past 500 years developed into a war, except four including UK-US relations in the early 20th century and the Cold War.
If this hypothesis is correct, the current US-China trade war may be just a prelude to a prolonged struggle for supremacy.
In fact, the new national security strategy publicized by the Trump administration on December 18, 2017 looks on China as a revisionist power aiming at promulgating a state-led economic model of its own, taking the place of the United States. The said strategy evinces a US posture of facing China squarely. Furthermore, on October 4, 2018, Vice President Mike Pence gave a speech, "Administration's Policy Toward China," in which he severely criticized China over not only the bilateral economic friction, but also over a wide range of issues including human rights, diplomacy and military. Thus, the Vice President's speech insinuated the Trump administration's preparedness not to avoid an all-out confrontation with China. Professor Allison, the author of "Destined for War," commented on the Trump administration's punitive duties against China as a de facto declaration of a cold war. (Allison, 2018).
We, however, should not forget the fact that the United States and China are nuclear powers and member states belonging inseparably to the same international economic system. The present author surmises that the possibility of an all-out conflict between them may be low, because such a conflict would require of them unbearable sacrifices, military and economic.
Hypothesis 2: Democratic regime vs. Non-democratic regime
The second hypothesis is that economic interdependence is effective in deterring confrontation only under democratic regimes. This idea is closely related with the so-called democratic peace theory that a war is less likely to occur between democratic countries than between a democratic country and a country with a political regime other than democracy. This idea has its ideological origin in Immanuel Kant's "Permanent Peace" and Thomas Pain's "Common Sense" in the 18th century. Michael Doyle (Doyle, 1983), Bruce Russet (Russet, 1993) and others have verified it empirically. According to them, (1) among democracies, norms that favor peaceful resolution are shared; (2) since high transparency of policy decision process in the parliament makes it easy for other countries to understand the process, mutual distrust is unlikely to grow between democracies, and (3) it is hard to create a cause for attack among democratic countries sharing the same values. They conclude that there is little likelihood of a full-scale conflict like a war between democracies.
But a reverse view of the above will lead one to a contrary judgement. (1) The United States does not share with undemocratic China any norms favoring peaceful resolution; (2) the United States has scarcely any trust in China's non-transparent policy decision process, and (3) it is easy for the United States to find a cause for attack such as human rights problems. That China is an undemocratic country cannot be a direct factor to bring about confrontation between the United States and China; yet it is a factor at least for encouraging confrontation.
Hypothesis 3: Asymmetric interdependence
Thirdly, between two interdependent countries, it is considered that the country with a lesser degree of dependence is apt to become high-handed against the other country with a greater degree of dependence. If country A relies heavily on trade with country B, and country B has a relatively low dependence on trade with country A, damages each of them is to suffer, when their bilateral trade is suspended, will be widely different between them. In such relations of asymmetric interdependence, country B could be moved by an incentive to coerce country A to yield to its own demand, capitalizing on the weaker position of country B.
China's confrontation with Vietnam and the Philippines in the South China Sea can be seen against the background of asymmetric interdependence between China and these Southeast Asian countries. Since the beginning of the 2000s, economic interdependence between Japan and China made another asymmetric development --- China's dependence on Japan decreased, while Japan's dependence on China increased. This fact may arguably account for China's strong stance toward Japan in recent years. (Sekiyama, 2013)
When it comes to the US-China relations, China is more dependent on the United States than the United States is on China. As of 2017, China's ratio of dependence on trade (total trade value / nominal GDP) is 34.2%, while that of the United States is 20.3%. Furthermore, US ratio of dependence on partner countries' markets (exports to partner countries / nominal GDP) is only 0.7%, while that of China is 4.2%. If trade between the United States and China becomes stagnant, the Chinese economy will be likely to suffer more seriously than the US economy will.
The trade friction this time is considered to have been triggered by the United States capitalizing on the asymmetry of the bilateral interdependence.
Hypothesis 4: The effect of interdependence to escalate a diplomatic confrontation
Fourth, there is a popular opinion that among countries interdependent on one another, a diplomatic confrontation tends to mount all the more because policy makers predict that confrontation will not develop into a military clash. The present author believes that this hypothesis can explain the background of the recent US-China confrontation much better than the foregoing three hypotheses. Interstate confrontation connotes a broad spectrum of affairs from a diplomatic exchange of accusations to a full-scale war.
Even countries economically interdependent may exchange oral or written accusations with each other, and sometimes such accusations lead to a military show-off of maneuvering warships or to economic sanctions such as partial restriction on economic activities. However, if that kind of confrontation accelerates to a military clash, its outcome is bound to not only endanger the lives of citizens, but also cause irreversible economic sacrifices. Consequently, the greater the degree of interdependence, the more chance of compromise not to escalate confrontation to a military clash or worse. And if the countries concerned do not expect that a low-order confrontation will escalate to a high-order confrontation, their incentives will diminish to avoid a low-order confrontation including a diplomatic exchange of accusations and intimidations or economic sanctions. Confrontation has more conspicuous than ever between Japan and China since around 2010. This may serve as an example of the effect of interdependence to escalate a diplomatic confrontation. (Sekiyama, 2017)
To return to the US-China relations, both countries are now each other's largest trading partners and are tied with close economic interdependence. If they fall into the Thucydides trap as mentioned in reference to the first hypothesis and escalate confrontation to a full-scale conflict, it will demand intolerable sacrifices of them not only military but also economic. Therefore, both Washington and Beijing are highly likely to anticipate some compromise before the bilateral confrontation develops into a military clash or worse. Then, relatively low-level confrontation will be all the less likely to be avoided, such as blaming each other through official speeches and policy documents, or through the mutual implementation of additional tariff measures.
Hypothesis 5: Pressure from comparatively disadvantaged industries
Between two countries that are heavily economically interdependent on each other, comparatively disadvantaged industries in one of these countries that have lost competition with imports from the other country, may attempt through, among other things, elections to ask their government to take a hard-line attitude to the other country. According to standard trade theories in the discipline of international economics propounded since the time of David Ricardo, it is a prevailing view that if each country pursues free trade only in the area of its comparative advantage industry, it will be able to gain profits along with other countries adopting a similar strategy. This theory is based on the premise that production factors including labor force and capital may move swiftly from comparatively disadvantaged industries to comparatively advantaged industries.
In reality, however, labor mobility is not so easy. As a result of free trade, many comparatively disadvantaged industries will suffer from income reductions, unemployment, and the closure of businesses. Politically, the existence of workers of those industries victimized by free trade is important. Being losers in competition with imports from the partner country, they will request their government to take a hard-line posture against the partner country through, among others, elections.
According to a study by David Autor et al. (Autor, Dorn & Hanson, 2013), in the places in the United States facing competition with imported goods from China, such implications have been confirmed as rising unemployment rate; decreasing labor force participation rate; dropping wages, and rising take-up rate of disability benefits. According to those experts' estimates, during the period from 1990 to 2007, trade competition with China gave rise to a loss of jobs of more than 1.5 million people --- college graduates and non-college graduates --- in US manufacturing industries. Declines in US employment rate due to increasing imports from China are found in a wide range of age groups. Increasing imports from China are estimated to account for 84% of unemployed senior workers (aged 50-64); 71% of unemployed middle-aged workers (aged 35-49), and 68% of unemployed young workers (aged 16-34).
The idea that workers of comparatively disadvantaged industries that lost competition with imported goods from a partner country ask their own government to take a hard-line posture against the said partner country has not been pointed out clearly in the conventional interdependence research in the discipline of international politics. Yet it is a cogent theory to explain the background of the current US-China trade war.
Conclusion
Why is the United States now launching punitive duties against China tied to itself with a close economic interdependence? What is the reason for the United States' harsh confrontation with China? In the light of objective circumstantial evidences, each of the five hypotheses discussed above has a certain cogency. The present author opines that all these causal relationships have acted in some way or other to urge the Trump administration to initiate a trade war with China.
If these five causal relationships are correct, how will the US-China trade war develop from now on? The fifth hypothesis may be helpful to think about the development over a one to two-year period. If the Trump Republican administration has resorted to punitive duties against China for the purpose of gaining support for its election campaigns, there may be no reason that the administration should continue escalating retaliatory measures after completion of the midterm election on November 6. Especially, if, as a public opinion poll shows, the current policy fails to gain broad public support, the Trump administration will behave more cautiously. However, since, as stated in reference to the third hypothesis, it will take time for the negative implications of the trade war to unfold. Time allowance thus gained would enable the administration to adopt policies such as tax cuts and infrastructure investment financed by additional tariff income. The administration, therefore, will not have to immediately lower the imposed punitive duties. The raised tariffs will be maintained by both countries for a while unless China, which depends more heavily on the bilateral trade, comes up with some compromise.
Over the next five years, US incentive to wage a trade war with China will be maintained. Yet with the passage of ten to twenty years, the asymmetry of the US-China economic interdependence (US trade deficit with China), referred to in connection with the third hypothesis, will gradually be resolved. With the economic growth of China itself and other emerging countries, the dependence of Chinese exports on the US market will decrease; and more than anything else, China will hand over its position of the world's manufacturing center to other countries due to soaring labor costs at home. Should the United States exert diplomatic pressure against China by leverage from the asymmetry of their economic interdependence, now is the best opportunity. In this sense, over next few years, the incentive for the United States to wage a trade war against China may be maintained.
It is difficult to make a prediction for ten to twenty years ahead. Yet, as the first hypothesis suggests, the United States (an existing superpower) desires to maintain the status quo of the international regimes that it has built for its own interests. Meanwhile, China (an emerging superpower) will attempt to transform the present state in a manner advantageous to it. Such a challenge from China will inevitably cause bilateral friction between the United States and China over their respective positions. If, as pointed out in connection with the second hypothesis, China continues to limit freedom of speech and religion under the CCP's dictatorship, such behavior by China will add to confrontation.
However, as stated in reference to the hypothesis 4, the United States and China are now each other's largest trading partner, and are tied by a close economic interdependence under various international regimes for trade, investment and finance. Moreover, they are nuclear powers interdependent on each other in terms of security as well. If both countries fell into "the Thucydides Trap" and escalated the current confrontation to a full-scale conflict, they would suffer unbearable sacrifices. Washington and Beijing, therefore, anticipate that they will be able to make some compromises before the current confrontation will escalate beyond a military clash. They will allow themselves, under the circumstance, to indulge in verbal or written accusations, or to cause trade frictions --- such a level of confrontation will frequently occur from now on. Nonetheless, the present author does not believe that the United States and China will engage in an all-out conflict capable of splitting the world.
An Outlook for the US-China Trade War as Predicted Based on the Five Hypotheses
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- March, 2021, "Can the Biden Administration Restore America as a Global Leader?" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, the National Defense Academy of Japan.
- March, 2021, "The Biden Administration and Japan's Security Strategy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- February,2021, "US Foreign and Security Policy Direction Viewed from the Biden Administration's Lineup" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- February,2021, "Trade Policies of the Biden Administration" written by Takaaki Asano, Senior Analyst, Sumitomo Corporation Global Research Co. Ltd.
- February,2021, "The Biden Administration's Policy toward Russia" written by Taisuke Abiru, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "Will US Policy Toward China Change?" lectured by Ryo Sahashi, Associate Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "How will China View the Biden Administration?" written by Bonji Ohara, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "An Assessment of the 2020 US Presidential Election-American Democracy Now-" lectured by Fumiaki Kubo, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "Two Trumpian Mysteries-Why did Trump win over 70 million votes? Why is his outrageous behavior unchecked?-" lectured by Kazuhiro Maeshima, Professor, Sophia University
- September, 2020, "The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Internationa Relationsl" by Matake Kamiya, Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan
- September, 2020, "The Policy Agenda for the Xi Jinping Administration- COVID-19 Countermeasures and China's International Relations -" by Shin Kawashima, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- "Control in the United States and International Relations" by Koji Murata, Professor, Doshisha University
- September, 2020, "The EU's Response to COVID-19 and International Relations" by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- August, 2020, "The Corona Crisis Seen from a Macroeconomic Perspective" written by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
- August, 2020, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Japan's Infectious Disease Control" written by Takashi Mihara, Senior Research Fellow, NLI Research Institute
- August, 2020, "Infectious Disease Crisis Control in Japan- Recommendations on an Exit Strategy -" written by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor, Hosei University
- August, 2020, "Security against Infectious Disease Threats --- Policy Responses Abroad" written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- June 2020,"Transformation of the International Order in the Middle East--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order" written by Satoshi Ikeuchi, Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
- June 2020,"Destabilization in the Middle East and its Impacts on Japan's Energy Security" written by Amane Kobayashi, Research Fellow, The Institute of Energy Economics
- May 2020: Urgent Recommendations "Toward a V-shaped Recovery after the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic "Coronavirus Testing for All" --- the First Step of the Next Phase"
- May 2020: "US Diplomacy toward Iran: Economic Sanctions as a Diplomatic Tool" Hiroki Sugita Columnist, Kyodo News
- "Russian Factors in the Middle East" Taisuke Abiru Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- "The SDF Dispatches to the Middle East --- History and Significance" Ippeita Nishida Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Space and Security" Kazuto Suzuki Professor, Hokkaido University
- March 2020, "The US Security Space Policy --- With a Focus on the Establishment of Two Space Forces" Yasuhito Fukushima Chief Researcher, The National Institute for Defense Studies
- March 2020, "China's Recent Activities in Space and Cyberspace" Bonji Ohara Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Environmental Security and Japan" Takashi Sekiyama Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- March 2020, "Changes in Global Environment and Security --- US Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
- February 2020, "Cyberspace Security" Motohiro Tsuchiya Professor, Keio University
- February 2020, "Japan's Space and Cyberspace Policy" Yukinari Hirose Former President of the National Institute for Defense Studies
- December 2019, "The US-China Confrontation --- Where Will Hegemony Reside Next?" Akio Takahara Professor, the University of Tokyo
- December 2019, "Challenges Facing the Chinese Economy" Osamu Tanaka Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
- December 2019, "US Strategic Perception on China: Implications for US Allied Partners" Tsuneo Watanabe Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- November 2019, "The Xi Jinping Administration's View of the International Order– China's emphasis on United Nations diplomacy and liberal economic policies−" Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- November 2019, "The Future of China's Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- November 2019, "China --- Its Confidence and Anxiety" Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- August 2019: Several Perspectives on the Korean Peninsula Issue--- The Deteriorating Japan-South Korea Relationship and the Uncertain Denuclearization of North Korea --- By Masahiro Akiyama Chairman, the SSDP
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea--- What is the Stance of North Korea?---", Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea --- How will the US move?", Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2019, "Discussion on Denuclearization of North Korea", SSDP Discussion Meeting on May 8, 2019
- May 2019: "Current Status and Prospects of South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History: How to address the Judicial Problems", Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- May 2019: "South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History" (Comments), Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- May 2019: Japan and South Korea Relationships (Question & Answer)
- March 2019: "The Present State and Prospects of the Indian Economy and Economic Policies" written by Koji Kobayashi, Senior Economist Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
- March 2019: "The "Modi diplomacy" in the History of Indian diplomacy--- Departure from or maintenance of the traditional diplomacy? ---" written by Toru Ito, The National Defense Academy of Japan
- February 2019: Dynamics of Indian Politics and the 2019 General Elections, written by Chiharu Takenaka, Professor of Rikkyo University
- February 2019: "Cooperative Strategy" to Realize "Competitive Strategy"--- The composite structure of Japan's "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy (vision) ---, written by Matake Kamiya, Professor at The National Defense Academy of Japan
- January 2019:, A paper, "How will the US midterm elections results affect the Trump administration's foreign policy for 2019?" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2019:, A paper, "The Present and Future of the International Trade Order" , written by Akihiko Tamura, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- December 2018: The US-China Competition and Japan, written by Ryo Sahashi, Professor at Kanagawa University
- December 2018: An Outlook for the US-China Trade War―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―, written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate professor at Toyo University
- September 2018: Proposal, "The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Restoration of Peace in the Korean Peninsula― Correct Perceptions and Eight Proposals on Japan's North Korea Diplomacy-" edited by the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- September 2018: "The Taiwan Policy of the Xi Jinping Administration in its Second Term: An Outlook on Cross-Strait Relations in the New Era" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor of the Tokyo University
- July 2018: "The EU States and Russia on North Korea Issues- Expansion of Influence through Diplomacy: Attempts and Limitations -" lectured by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor of Keio University
- "An Assessment of the US-North Korea Summit and an Outlook for the Future of the Korean Peninsula" lectured by Junya Nishino, Professor of Keio University
- "Korean Peninsula Issue and Japan's Future Security Policy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow of National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2018: "US North Korea policy affected by personnel changes in the Trump administration" lectured by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- "China-North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping" lectured by Shin Kawashima, Professor of the Tokyo University.
- "North Korean Denuclearization and Russia" lectured by Nobuo Shimotomai, Professor of the Hosei University.
- March 2018: "The Network Hegemony Theory for a Security Architecture in The Asia Pacific Region" lectured by Masahiro Akiyama, Chairman, the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- January 2018: "A Destabilized Middle East" lectured by Koichiro Tanaka, Professor, Keio University
- December 2017: "Problems in Sino-Japanese Relations, 1992-2042" lectured by Ezra F. Vogel, Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University
- November 2017: "The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region" written by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Fellow, the Meiji Institute for Global Affairs, Former Minister Foreign Affairs
- October 2017: "A New Trend in India's Foreign Policy and Japan" Written by HIROSE,Takako, Professor, Senshu University
- August 2017: "The Shocks that shook the Transatlantic World and their Implication for Japan's Foreign Policy" written by HOSOYA, Yuichi, Professor, Keio University
- August 2017: "Does Economic Interdependence not Encourage Collaboration? ―Thinking Japan-China Relations from an Economic Perspective―" written by Takashi SEKIYAMA, Ph.D., Toyo University
- July 2017: Proposal article "The Trump Administration's Impact on the Cross-Strait Relations" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
- June 2017: Proposal article "The outlook for the relationship between two great powers and implications for Japanese diplomacy" written by Professor Shin Kawashima
- May 2017: (Emergency Proposal) Facing the Inconvenient Truth: Re-examining Policy for Peace and Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (Chief author, Masao Okonogi)
- March 2017: "Economic Influences of the Trump Administration" written by Professor Motoshige Ito
- February, 2017: Proposal article "Trump's Foreign and Security Policy - Unpredictable President, Realistic Secretaries - " written by Mr. Tsuneo Watanabe is posted on the website of SSDP.
- December, 2016: Proposal article "Reconsidering North Korea Policy: How to Deal with a Nuclear Armed Divided States" written by Professor Masao Okonogi is posted on the website of SSDP.
- Taiwan-Japan Round Table on August 24th, at Capital Tokyu Hotel
- Japan-Korea Political Leaders Dialogue was held on February 10th,2023 at International House of Japan
- March 2022, A remembrance seminar "Remembering Professor Ezra Vogel" held on January 17, 2022
- March 2021, Japan-ROK Parliamentary Dialogue -Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Era of US-China Competition- held on March 11, 2021
- December 2020: The report of the Japan-ROK Future Dialogue held on November 21 to discuss "Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Post-Covid-19 Era
- October 2020: "Responses to COVID-19 and Agendas for the Post-COVID-19 Era", A Brief Overview of the Japan-Korea Experts Dialogue held on July 29,30, 2020
- October 2020: "The China-Taiwan Confrontation over Corona Response and Taiwan's Security" written by Makoto Ogata, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- May 2020: "Rivalries in the Middle East in New Security Dynamics", Written by Sayed Ghoneim, Major General (retired) of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Chairman, Institute for Global Security & Defence Affairs
- March 2020: The Japan-South Korea Relationship in a Cul-de-Sac--- Where is an Exit ? Masao Okonogi Professor Emeritus, Keio Universit
- December 2019: The Hong Kong Upheaval and the Future of Cross-Straits Relations-The 2019 Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue Report OGATA, Makoto Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- August 2019: Report; 2019 FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE --Sustainable Prosperity and Future of Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation-- By Future Consensus Institute (Yeosijae)
- June 2019: Report on India – Japan Security Dialogue 2019 by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D Student, The University of Tokyo
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June 2019: Four papers on Japan-India Cooperation submitted to India-Japan Security Dialogue 2019
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation -
The Significance and Possibilities of India-Japan Cooperation in the Concept of the Indo-Pacific
Toru ITO Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan -
Japan-India Defense Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Context - Operationalizing the Security Aspect of the Indo-Pacific Vision –
Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) -
India-US-Japan Defense Cooperation: What's next?
Dr. Satoru Nagao, Hudson Institute
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Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
- November 2018: "The Present State of the Japanese Economy and Policy Issues" lectured by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo.
- November 2018: "Expanding Social Security Expenses and Fiscal Reforms" lectured by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor at Hosei University.
- September 2018: "Taiwan Identity and Cross-Strait Relations and Trump's Taiwan Policy and the Future of Taiwan-US Relations-Discussion at The Second Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue (June 21, 2018, Taipei)-" written by OGATA, Makoto
- September 2018: "Japan-Taiwan Dialogue 2018 Minutes", 21st June 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.
- July 2018: Report on The Second Japan – Philippines Strategic Dialogue prepared by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo University.
- May 2018: "Civilian Control "at Crisis"? – Perhaps Not, for the Case of the Field Sit-reps from SDF's South Sudan Mission" reported by Ippeita Nishida, Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2018: "Fukushima, Genki?Project-Young Taiwanese volunteers introduce the facts on Fukushima's revival through documentary films-" reported by OGATA, Makoto, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- December 2017: "Commemorating a Quarter Century of Dispatches of the JSDF's PKO Units: Challenges and Possibilities in the Post South Sudan" written by Takayuki Shoji, Lecturer, Nihon University
- November 2017: "19th CCP National Congress" written by Mr. Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Fondation
- October 2017: "What is Japan's Role in the Indo-China border conflict?" written by Dr. NGAO,Satoru, Research Fellow, Institute for Future Engineering
- July 2017: "Overview of the Current Situation in Taiwan-" the Naturally Independent Generation" will affect the Taiwan"s politics-" written by Makoto Ogata MGE.(Ret.)
- June 2017: "Japan-U.S. Economic Dialogue" written by Mr.Takaaki Asano
- March 2017: "The Japan-Philippines Strategic Dialogue" written by Mr. Hideshi Tokuchi
- February, 2017: Current topic "The Importance of Japan's Security Role Under Trump" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao is posted on the SSDP website.
- December, 2016: Current topic "Widening Security Task: Will SDF do the Job?" written by Mr. Ippeita Nishida is posted on the SSDP website.
- July 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no2" (How Has South Korea Changed under the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration?) in English edition was published.
- April 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no1" (The Middle East in Turmoil) in English edition was published.
- December 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no4" (What is th Global South?) in English edition was published.
- September 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no3" (Hegemonic America: Where It's Headed) in English edition was published.
- June 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no2" (Nuclear Crisis Scenarios Facing Japan and the Outlook of Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control and Disarmament) in English edition was published.
- March 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no1" (What Will Happen to European Security?―Facing the War in Ukraine) in English edition was published.
- January 2023, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 4)" - Defending Our Country – Defense Policy in a "New Cold War Era - was published.
- October 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 3)" - Xi Jinping's China - Politics, Economy, Society and Diplomacy - was published.
- Jun 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 2)" -The Russia-Ukraine War and Its Global Impact- was published.
- March 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 1)"-What is Economic Security?- was published.
- December 2021, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 3 no 4)"-Korean Peninsula Situation- was published.
- September 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no03" -Asia's Security II- (English edition)
- June 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no02" -Asia's Security I- (English edition)
- March 2021: Research journal "Security Studies (vol3 no1) "- US Foreign Policy in the Biden Administration / The 2020 US Presidential Election and American Democracy -(English edition)
- December 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no4) "- Normalize Japan-South Korea Relations trough Dialogues -(English edition)
- September 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no3) "-The Novel Coronavirus and Security-(English edition)
- July 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no2) - Middle East Situation and Japan's Security - " (English edition) was published
- May 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no1) - Cyber, Space, Environment and Security - " March 2020 (English edition)
- February 2020, "A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no4) " (English edition)"
- September 2019: A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no3) " (English edition)
- August 2019: Korea-Japan Joint Seminar: FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE
- April 2019: "Security Studies (vol1 no2) April 2019"
- March 2019: A research journal "Security Studies vol1 no01" just published
- February 2019: The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Takeshima Issue
- December 2018: Former Vice Defense Minister Masahiro Akiyama's Memoirs (An Ad)
- November 2018: Participation in the Future Consensus Forum held in Beijing
- September 2018: "2018 Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue" reported by Masahiro Akiyama
- 2017 December: "The Butterfly Project-A possibility of showing a solution to the North Korea problem-"
- October 2017: Campaign on the problems with North Korea
- August 2017: A New Containment Policy Strategy
- June 2017: Korean peninsla
- March 2017: President Duterte
- February, 2017: Kazakhstan
- November, 2016: Participated in Astana Club 2016 held in Kazakhstan on November 14- 16, 2016.