Transformation of the International Order
in the Middle East
--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order---
Satoshi Ikeuchi
Professor of Religion and Global Security, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
Introduction
The international order in the Middle East is in the process of transformation. What will the new order in the Middle East look like? With the key concept of "stateness," this article is intended to categorize the situations of the Middle Eastern states after the "Arab Spring" and to understand the characteristics of regional international politics made up of the interactions of regional states. This will be followed by an attempt to identify the basic factors that will help to shape the newly emerging order in the Middle East and to provide a categorical perspective on future developments.
1. The Demise of the "Sykes-Picot Order"?
In the Middle East there can be found countries, cities, and religions with a long history traceable to ancient times. Along with these, there are several states with a short historical background artificially founded in the late modern period, reflecting the interests of external powers and the balance of power in the region. The regional history that treats these artificially created states collectively as an aggregation of ostensibly homogeneous sovereign states spans just a century at the shortest. This history is punctuated by the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, and other agreements and treaties hastily concluded during or after World War I, as well as by the fluid process of the rise of nationalism and the withdrawal of imperialism after World War II. Such is the history of international politics in the Middle East over the past 100 years where the regional order was a chance product of history maintained to date in some way or other.
The recent events that shook the regional order in the Middle East were: first, the wavering and collapse of the regional state governments under the impact of the 2011 Arab Spring; second, the rise of the "Islamic State (IS)" that raged in the region from 2014 through 2018, and the anti-IS military operations undertaken by the external powers led by the United States in coalition with the regional forces; and third, the long-term and gradual withdrawal of the United States from the Middle East that constitutes an entrenched factor behind the other significant events. Although it is not certain at this moment whether the US presence will actually diminish in the Middle East, the regional states and forces acknowledge, expect, and worry about the decreasing US commitment to the region, and this itself may accelerate the loosening and weakening of the regional order. The absence or the impression of the absence of the United States will draw attention to Russia's and China's efforts to fill the resulting void. The regional forces are also encouraged by the US absence to invite the involvement and interference of those new external powers.
The turmoil of the "Arab Spring" and the rise and decline of the IS were survived by a group of fragile or failed states tormented by civil war and conflicts. The road to the termination of the Syrian civil war and national unity is fraught with difficulties. Yemen and Libya are expected to remain as divided nations for many years to come. Iraq's security situation is unpredictable, and sectarian, ethnic, and factional divides are chronic. Lebanon, a microcosm of the regional order in the Middle East, has been chronically suffering from the interference of diverse forces from inside and outside the region. The paralyzed state of its governance and economy is becoming worse without a solution. As for the Palestinian issue, the internationally supported two-state solution is about to be unabashedly abandoned.
At this moment, are we witnessing the final breakdown of the process of formation of the sovereign state system in the Middle East initiated by the ill-famed Sykes-Picot Agreement and the fatal wavering and overthrow of the regional order that has so far been barely maintained?
It is premature, however, to jump to this conclusion. The situation in the Middle East is not yet totally chaotic. Maintaining the consolidation of their territories and peoples, Iran, Turkey, Israel, and Saudi Arabia are capable of being regional powers contributing to the restriction of conflicts to a certain extent and to the partial appearance of stable realms in the region --- through interference with conflicts in their neighboring areas, arbitration efforts, or support for proxy forces existing like enclaves. Small in size but influential in specific areas including military, information, and the media, the UAE and Qatar are also rising powers, enhancing their presence. The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective from which to comprehensively understand these overlapping and ostensibly contradictory events.
2. The Polarization of Middle Eastern States: The Question of "Stateness"
The "post-Arab Spring" Middle East is characterized by the coexistence of two kinds of regions: the region of disturbance where conflicts continued and divided states came into existence, and the region enjoying some stability. In the "post-Arab Spring" period, a trend of differentiation or polarization notably developed among the Middle Eastern states. The "Arab Spring" and subsequent difficulties "sifted" and polarized these regional states into two categories: the strong states and strong secondary states that maintain stable unified governance in their territories and seek an opportunity of interfering with the neighboring areas, and the failed states that failed in the governance of their citizens, forfeited half the integrity of their territories, and were exposed to interference from their neighbors and external powers. This trend of differentiation between the strong and the failed states is the keynote of the regional order in the Middle East after the "Arab Spring."
What became clear during this period is the existence of varying degrees of "stateness" among the Middle Eastern states. According to Max Weber's famous definition, the essential requirement of a modern state is that it claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence. There are a certain number of sovereign states in the Middle East that fail to satisfy this minimum requisite. Although this drawback had been latently present since the establishment of these states in the late modern period, it became apparent and visible in the confusion following the "Arab Spring."
Besides military unity, among the attributes that a modern state is considered to possess are a central government with centripetal force, the integration and unity of the people, the establishment of a common legal system, bureaucracy, and administrative institutions, and an integrated border management. Middle Eastern states fall into those that possess these attributes and those that do not. The exposure of remarkable differences among Middle Eastern states in the degrees of "stateness" consisting of these attributes may account in part for the changes in the Middle East after the "Arab Spring." In the Middle East, a polarization is underway between the states in terms of the degrees of "stateness," or between "the nations with a strong state" and "the nations with a weak state."
Needless to say, the majority of existing states in regions outside the Middle East do not necessarily possess all or many of the attributes that make up "stateness." The number of states that perfectly possess these attributes may be small. However, the states in regions other than the Middle East and Africa possess these attributes to a certain extent, as long as they have survived as modern nations.
In the history of the Middle East, there are not that many nations that adequately possess these attributes of "stateness." In the process of independence as a sovereign state and the establishment of the state machinery in the late modern period, not many Middle Eastern nations have so far succeeded in acquiring the above attributes. This fact was betrayed by the confusion following the "Arab Spring."
Conversely, in the Middle East, the acquisition of a greater part of or an important part of these attributes of "stateness" would help a nation to secure the status of a "great power" or of a "strong state."
3. Rising Regional Powers and Strong States
Among the present Middle Eastern countries that have established themselves somehow as regional powers are Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Israel. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar, though small in size, have some prominent attributes of stateness and display the will and capabilities of behaving as "strong states" in the areas of foreign and security policies.
In the latter half of the 20th century, Egypt was regarded as the largest regional power in the Middle East. In recent years, however, it has gradually reduced its national power and influence and significantly scaled back its presence due to continuous domestic political disturbances and economic difficulties after the "Arab Spring." Nonetheless, Egypt is considered to be capable of restoring its prestige and to have sufficient potential to that end. Egypt's comeback will depend on changes in the overall situation in the Middle East and on changes in domestic politics and international relations of Arabian Gulf oil-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Qatar, which are behaving as regional powers or strong states taking the place of Egypt.
Such regional powers and strong states are capable of not only securing sovereignty in their territories and ruling the people, but also of interfering with and wielding influence over conflicts in neighboring countries and in the region. They have been exerting these capabilities following the cataclysm after the "Arab Spring."
4. Fragile States and Non-State Actors
In the meantime, the pressure from the inside and outside in the wake of the "Arab Spring" shed light on the countries with weak stateness --- Syria, Yemen, Libya, Lebanon, and Iraq. These countries lack some prerequisites for being modern sovereign states. In these countries, the central government does not function properly; a civil war occurs; and the military and other security agencies are on the verge of disintegration.
Nonetheless, these countries with weak stateness are not in total disorder. In these countries, various non-state actors have risen to fill the void created by the fragility of the central government. Some of these non-state actors unite based on tribal and local identities, or religious sects like Shiites, and autonomously control their spheres of influence depending on the situations, while other forces including the IS are guided by some religious ideology and aim at controlling territorial spheres by rallying external forces who embrace the same ideology. Still, other non-state actors like Kurds seek autonomy or national independence, abiding by nationalism rooted in language and history.
Those forces find a core of their identity somewhere else from the state and the state-based ethnic consciousness and are united together by the bond of identity. These non-state actors may not be able to govern the entire territory of a state, but effectively control part of the territory or certain areas that transcend national borders. They are accepted by the inhabitants of those localities as entities in possession of "justice" or "legitimacy." Such actors are perceived as a threat by a state (central government) and other groups with different identities. In this respect, the case of the IS is particularly remarkable.
5. Cooperation and Rivalry between Regional and External Powers Using Non-State Actors as Proxies
The intricate, multi-layered relationships between regional powers / strong states on the one hand and fragile states and diverse groups within on the other hand are helping to complicate the situation in the Middle East. This is because the interests between various regional powers and external powers are widely at variance and it is necessary for the parties concerned to make constant adjustments and negotiations for compromise to temporarily stabilize the situation and to pacify conflicts.
In particular, the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran often assumes the aspect of rivalry over regional hegemony. The United States and Russia --- external powers --- are engaged with or mounting hostile pressure to both sides. Meanwhile, the confrontation between the powerful microstates UAE and Qatar continues. The Muslim Brotherhood wielding influence across the Middle East is intensifying friction with the potential regional power Egypt and its military.
What intensifies and prolongs such confusion, instability, and unpredictability in the Middle East is the fact that none of the regional powers or strong states has the hegemonic scale and capabilities to overwhelm others and to proactively establish a regional order beneficial to themselves. Probably none of them may have the will to do so.
The policy objective of each regional power in becoming involved in regional international politics is to secure a "veto power" that denies competing states and forces from significantly increasing their influence in the region. Major regional powers and strong states are exercising this "veto power" when necessary and taking reasonable and optimal actions.
Besides, regional powers and strong states intervene in various conflicts in the Middle East or exert a "veto power" only through their proxies. Those proxies are the groups of non-state actors who exert effective control or assert a similar influence over certain areas or spheres in the territories of fragile states. This fact adds to complexity and spurs confusion.
Those non-state actors benefit from the continuation and prolongation of conflicts and obtain the status of "proxies" of regional powers or external powers that engage or interfere but lack decisive force. They can utilize their proxy status of superior powers in relations with their primary enemy and competitor --- the central government of a sovereign state, in whose territory the non-state actors are active. These non-state actors seek to strengthen their sphere of dominance and secure a certain level of international legitimacy by calling for the interference of regional powers and external powers like the United States and Russia.
6. Three Directions of the New Order in the Middle East
What kind of international order should we expect to appear in the Middle East? Here, we will identify the major supporters of the new regional order and the major factors that will regulate the order. Furthermore, we will present three ideal types provided by the combinations of supporters and factors and indicate the possible directions in the formation of the order.
The future direction of the formation of the Middle Eastern order could reach widely different consequences depending on a choice from among several options. This is concerned with the choice of regional actors in the Middle East, as well as the choice of external actors with the power to influence countries of the Middle East and the regional order.
When regional and external actors predict the future, the choices regarding the following three points would influence the direction of the formation of the regional order: (1) whether to maintain the modern state and the international system with the sovereign state as a unit or to make revisions; (2) whether or not to acknowledge as legitimate the existence of non-state actors that actually exist; and (3) whether or not to reintroduce the principle of the pre-modern order --- the premise for the existence of regional powers --- into contemporary international politics.
From the different combinations of all the possible options for these three points, we will indicate the potential directions of the order in the Middle East by means of three ideal types.
The first direction can be inferred from the assumption that countries in the Middle East will be integrated into the existing dominant international order predicated on sovereign states and the international system based on sovereign states.
As already described earlier, the sovereign state system in the Middle East is fluctuating, and disparities and polarization in terms of "stateness" are becoming apparent among the countries that nominally exist. But from the standpoint of acknowledging the present state just as temporary confusion and as part of the difficult path for establishing a future sovereign state system, or from the standpoint of claiming the necessity of normatively promoting such a course, we should persistently continue efforts to integrate the domestic orders of and international relations among individual Middle Eastern countries into standard nation-states. Moreover, diverse regional and external powers should join forces so that Middle Eastern countries can acquire, improve, or reconstruct their "stateness." There is still the likelihood that countries in the Middle East and highly influential countries outside the region will jointly choose and advance such a course of action.
The second direction is to maintain the principle of sovereign state system and to improve the situation by making actual partial changes. This is based on the recognition that the territorial and sovereign claims of non-state actors who have acquired more than a certain degree of legitimacy among a certain number of the local population should be acknowledged to some extent. This is the direction that the international community, including regional and external powers and superpowers, should agree to a new demarcation of national boundaries, advanced autonomy, or the establishment of a new sovereign state.
In the past, the idea was often advocated for dividing, for example, Iraq into Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish-led areas, each of which should gain autonomy as an independent state or a highly independent province that will forge a federation with other provinces. After the 1991 Gulf War, the northern Kurdish region accumulated experience of de facto autonomy under military and political support from the United States, and after the Iraq war, it achieved more institutionalized autonomy in the framework of the Iraqi state. Similar ideas have been discussed for application to Syria, Yemen, and Libya. It is the gist of this second direction to have this idea materialized and recognized as legitimate by Middle Eastern countries and regional and international communities.
A third direction argues that the principle of order based on the notions of nation-state and sovereign state is unfamiliar to the Middle East and has little prospect for realization; and that assuming a return to the imperial order rooted in the history and tradition of the Middle East that existed in the pre-modern times, countries outside the region should respond accordingly and, if necessary, advance this course of action. For example, Iran widely uses its influence over the Shiite forces, achieving certain results. The idea of the third direction is to formulate this move, recognize it as legitimate, and approve the establishment of the imperial order. If, for example, Turkey continued to strengthen its influence over wide areas with past Ottoman dominion in mind, the international community should, if following this direction, positively acknowledge Turkey's move as efforts towards the formation and maintenance of order. If such an option became available, the sovereignty of modern Middle Eastern countries and their national borders would be substantially nullified and modified.
The formation and reorganization of order in the Middle East along this line were discussed by many people as "the New Map of the Middle East" in the period from 2011 to 2015 when the regional order began to become fluid due to the "Arab Spring," and the emergence and rapid expansion of the IS further disturbed the regional order. People mapped out historical great powers in the Middle East, the dominions of the past empires, and the areas where various groups constituting non-state actors have historically lived and held sway. With many such maps, there was a lot of discussion over the reorganization of modern sovereign states.
The three directions examined above are ideal types, and it is hard to imagine that the actual formation of an international order in the Middle East will proceed unilaterally along any of the three directions. For example, if we regard the first ideal type as the only direction of the formation of order and attempt to make the states and powers follow it, much support will not be gained.
If we attempt to compel the existing Middle Eastern states and societies made up of different forces to adapt to the principle of sovereign states, we should realistically assume that such an anticipated change will not easily occur in the future, given that any large transformation did not actually take place during recent history spanning a century.
The second ideal type proposes, among other things, the delimitation of borders of sovereign states and autonomous territories taking into account the spheres of influence of non-state actors that are actually influential in the localities. Since, however, the spheres of influence of multiple non-state actors are often overlapping with each other in the same localities, whatever move towards the establishment of autonomous areas or partial changes of national boundaries may immediately ignite a civil war or a conflict among these non-state actors. Also, regional powers that support respective non-state actors from their strategic speculations often claim mutually conflicting interests. But for substantial conflicts involving the parties concerned, no agreement would be reached among various forces on the redrawing of national boundaries and the establishment of autonomous areas. The resolution of current conflicts and instability through another conflict is obviously an incoherent option. It is unlikely that there are many actors eager to promote and realize it.
The direction proposed by the third ideal type aims at overcoming the problems caused by "stateless states" by recourse to the principle of the pre-modern order represented by the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Islamic caliphate --- alien to modern nation-states and sovereign states. The view that the revival of the principle of the pre-modern order such as an empire and a caliphate may constitute the future direction of the regional order in the Middle East is a discourse which is endorsed by the ethnic consciousness of the people who make up some existing influential sovereign states, such as Turkey and Iran, which are supposed to promote the third ideal type. Similar discourses are often adopted as a tool of internal politics by national leaders to mobilize the people and to secure their political support. But in the recent development of international politics in the Middle East, the leaders of those regional powers are not necessarily proposing and pursuing the model of the imperial revival indicated by the third ideal type as their foreign and security policies.
7. The Selective Ottomanism --- Turkey's Strategic Double Standards
Taking Turkey for example, we point out the discrepancies between the "revival of the Ottoman Empire" that is often used by Turkish leaders in domestic political discourse and the country's actual foreign and security policies. Defending its status as a sovereign state at all costs, Turkey does not hesitate to interfere with neighboring fragile states like Syria and Iraq to secure its influence. Turkey has conducted military interventions to prevent Kurdish forces in northeastern Syria from achieving autonomy or independence, while providing support to local opposition forces near Idlib in northwestern Syria. Turkey has temporarily and partially violated the sovereignty of neighboring countries due to specific circumstances, but it refrains from challenging the legitimacy of the modern sovereign state system itself and values and maintains the principle of the existing international order. This is an approach that can be called "selective Ottomanism," which is a claim of the right to intervene in the past areas of the Ottoman Empire. The approach is used as a tool for maintaining Turkish nationalism. Thus, Turkey is exercising a "strategic double standards" by which to violate and safeguard the principle of sovereign states according to the needs of its intent as a state.
An analysis of the present situation suggests that even Turkey's current administration advocating Islamism, will not part with the merits, domestic and diplomatic, of relatively strong "stateness" and stability as a sovereign state. Such a position enables it to make full use of the "strategic double standards" by repeating that an intervention in and a retreat from the past realms of the Ottoman Empire is a reasonable option for Turkey and meets its national interests.
The advantages of "strategic double standards" are apparent in the way Turkey deals with refugees. The Syrian civil war gave rise to a large number of refugees and internally displaced people in Syria. Many of them have flowed into Turkey and may continue to come in the future. If Turkey could revive the realms of the Ottoman Empire, giving up the status of a territorial sovereign state of Turkish people, it would be obliged to assume the responsibility for responding to the refugee problem and to bear a tremendous burden in terms of economy, politics, society, safety, and security. At present Turkey abides by the principle of sovereign states, maintains the exclusive right to preserve its territorial integrity, and distinguishes its citizens from foreign refugees, thereby claiming that it is addressing the Syrian refugee crisis from a humanitarian standpoint. Thus, Turkey is increasing pressure on Western Europe to assume the responsibility to share an appropriate burden and is strengthening its diplomatic position. This may be an advantage that Turkey can gain by maintaining a position to exercise the "strategic double standards" while making the selective use of its geographical advantages inherited from the historical Ottoman Empire. For Iran, that acquired its position of regional power by also leveraging the legacy of a historical empire, it is rational to have room for exercising the "strategic double standards" through the selective revival of the imperial domain as well as the maintenance of the principle of sovereign states.
Conclusion
The turmoil after the "Arab Spring" and the emergence of the IS and subsequent anti-IS military operations were combined to destabilize the regional international order in the Middle East. The polarization of regional states according to the degrees of "stateness" will advance. The emerging regional powers will take the lead in intervention in fragile states by providing arbitrary support for non-state actors within the territories of those states, thereby contributing to the creation of some restraints, though not resolving conflicts. Due to the existence of strategic rivalries and hegemonic competitions, the fundamental solution of conflicts and instability will be postponed. Nationalist discourses appealing to the mind yearning for the past glories of pre-modern empires will be encouraged. Nonetheless, the framework and principle of sovereign states will be maintained. Some regional powers will exercise the "strategic double standards," involving external powers. Such a situation is expected to continue in the Middle East.
(This paper was translated into English by Tsutomu Inuzuka, SSDP Associate)
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- January 2022, "The 2022 South Korean Presidential Election and the Next Administration's Foreign and Security Policy" written by Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- January 2022, "North Korea's Nuclear and Missile Development and Japan's Defense" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, GRIPS
- January 2022, "What will Become of Japan-South Korea Relations? The 1965 Japan-South Korea Treaty System in Jeopardy" written by Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- December 2021, "Economic and Social Conditions in North Korea and its Relations with South Korea" written by Mitsuhiro Mimura, Chief Research Fellow, The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia.
- December 2021, "China's Korean Peninsula Policy and North Korea" written by Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo.
- December 2021, "China's Korean Peninsula Policy and North Korea" written by Shunji Hiraiwa, Professor, Nanzan University.
- December 2021, "What to Do with the Relations with North Korea?" written by Hitoshi Tanaka, Chairman for Institute for International Strategy at the Japan Research Institute.
- October 2021, "Strategic Implications of North Korea's Enhanced Nuclear and Missile Capabilities" written by Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- October 2021, "The Biden Administration's North Korea Policy: Its Low Priority and Looming Crises" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- October 2021, "The Evolution of the US-ROK Alliance: Tasks in the Biden Era" written by Yasuyo Sakata, Professor, Kanda University of International Studies.
- September 2021, "The Development of Regional Security Architecture: From Asia-Pacific to Indo-Pacific" written by Ken Jimbo, Professor, Keio University.
- September 2021, "The Strategic Development of Japanese Security Cooperation under Superpower Competition and the Development of the FOIP and its Operationalization" written by Nobushige Takamizawa, Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo.
- August 2021, "Security Perceptions of Central Asian Countries--- From the Perspective of China Studies ---" written by Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo.
- August 2021, "Security in the Indian Ocean Region---Implication of the Galwan Incident for QUAD in the Indo-Pacific" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao, Fellow (Non-Resident), Hudson Institute.
- August 2021, "Easternization and Security in Asia" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- July 2021, "The Ideas of "Autonomy" and "Self-Reliance" in Contemporary India's Foreign Strategy" written by Kazutoshi TAMARI, Associate Professor,Chukyo University.
- July 2021, "Thailand's Security Policies and Threat Perceptions" written by Saya Kiba, Associate Professor, Komatsu University, Faculty of Intercultural Communication.
- July 2021, "Myanmar's Security Perceptions and the February 1 Coup d'Etat" written by Yoshihiro Nakanishi, Associate Professor, Kyoto University.
- July 2021, "Australia's Security Perceptions and the "Asia Threat"" written byTomohiko Satake, Senior Fellow, Defense Policy Division, Policy Studies Department, NIDS .
- June 2021, "The Indo-Pacific Regional Architecture: Its Future--- Multipolar Order Beyond US-China Relations ---" by Tsutomu Kikuchi, Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University
- June 2021, "The Quad Plus in the Security of Asia: Its Significance and Outlook" by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- June 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, The Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University
- June 2021, "Normalized Tensions in the Cross-Strait Relations--- Structural Changes in Taiwanese Society and the Xi Jinping Administration's Strategic Shift ---" by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- June 2021, "China's Maritime Strategy and Responses of the United States and Japan" by Yoji Koda, Former Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet
- June 2021, "The South China Issues from the Perspective of the International Law Order",by Shigeki Sakamoto, Emeritus Professor, Kobe University
- May 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, Kyushu University
- May, 2021, "The Philippine Foreign and Security Policy Perspective" written by Yusuke Takagi Associate Professor,National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- May, 2021, "Vietnam's Security: Challenges and Responses" written by Tomotaka Shoji Head, Asia and Africa Division, Regional Studies Department, National Institute for Defense Studies
- March, 2021, "Can the Biden Administration Restore America as a Global Leader?" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, the National Defense Academy of Japan.
- March, 2021, "The Biden Administration and Japan's Security Strategy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- February,2021, "US Foreign and Security Policy Direction Viewed from the Biden Administration's Lineup" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- February,2021, "Trade Policies of the Biden Administration" written by Takaaki Asano, Senior Analyst, Sumitomo Corporation Global Research Co. Ltd.
- February,2021, "The Biden Administration's Policy toward Russia" written by Taisuke Abiru, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "Will US Policy Toward China Change?" lectured by Ryo Sahashi, Associate Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "How will China View the Biden Administration?" written by Bonji Ohara, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "An Assessment of the 2020 US Presidential Election-American Democracy Now-" lectured by Fumiaki Kubo, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "Two Trumpian Mysteries-Why did Trump win over 70 million votes? Why is his outrageous behavior unchecked?-" lectured by Kazuhiro Maeshima, Professor, Sophia University
- September, 2020, "The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Internationa Relationsl" by Matake Kamiya, Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan
- September, 2020, "The Policy Agenda for the Xi Jinping Administration- COVID-19 Countermeasures and China's International Relations -" by Shin Kawashima, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- "Control in the United States and International Relations" by Koji Murata, Professor, Doshisha University
- September, 2020, "The EU's Response to COVID-19 and International Relations" by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- August, 2020, "The Corona Crisis Seen from a Macroeconomic Perspective" written by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
- August, 2020, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Japan's Infectious Disease Control" written by Takashi Mihara, Senior Research Fellow, NLI Research Institute
- August, 2020, "Infectious Disease Crisis Control in Japan- Recommendations on an Exit Strategy -" written by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor, Hosei University
- August, 2020, "Security against Infectious Disease Threats --- Policy Responses Abroad" written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- June 2020,"Transformation of the International Order in the Middle East--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order" written by Satoshi Ikeuchi, Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
- June 2020,"Destabilization in the Middle East and its Impacts on Japan's Energy Security" written by Amane Kobayashi, Research Fellow, The Institute of Energy Economics
- May 2020: Urgent Recommendations "Toward a V-shaped Recovery after the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic "Coronavirus Testing for All" --- the First Step of the Next Phase"
- May 2020: "US Diplomacy toward Iran: Economic Sanctions as a Diplomatic Tool" Hiroki Sugita Columnist, Kyodo News
- "Russian Factors in the Middle East" Taisuke Abiru Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- "The SDF Dispatches to the Middle East --- History and Significance" Ippeita Nishida Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Space and Security" Kazuto Suzuki Professor, Hokkaido University
- March 2020, "The US Security Space Policy --- With a Focus on the Establishment of Two Space Forces" Yasuhito Fukushima Chief Researcher, The National Institute for Defense Studies
- March 2020, "China's Recent Activities in Space and Cyberspace" Bonji Ohara Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Environmental Security and Japan" Takashi Sekiyama Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- March 2020, "Changes in Global Environment and Security --- US Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
- February 2020, "Cyberspace Security" Motohiro Tsuchiya Professor, Keio University
- February 2020, "Japan's Space and Cyberspace Policy" Yukinari Hirose Former President of the National Institute for Defense Studies
- December 2019, "The US-China Confrontation --- Where Will Hegemony Reside Next?" Akio Takahara Professor, the University of Tokyo
- December 2019, "Challenges Facing the Chinese Economy" Osamu Tanaka Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
- December 2019, "US Strategic Perception on China: Implications for US Allied Partners" Tsuneo Watanabe Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- November 2019, "The Xi Jinping Administration's View of the International Order– China's emphasis on United Nations diplomacy and liberal economic policies−" Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- November 2019, "The Future of China's Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- November 2019, "China --- Its Confidence and Anxiety" Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- August 2019: Several Perspectives on the Korean Peninsula Issue--- The Deteriorating Japan-South Korea Relationship and the Uncertain Denuclearization of North Korea --- By Masahiro Akiyama Chairman, the SSDP
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea--- What is the Stance of North Korea?---", Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea --- How will the US move?", Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2019, "Discussion on Denuclearization of North Korea", SSDP Discussion Meeting on May 8, 2019
- May 2019: "Current Status and Prospects of South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History: How to address the Judicial Problems", Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- May 2019: "South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History" (Comments), Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- May 2019: Japan and South Korea Relationships (Question & Answer)
- March 2019: "The Present State and Prospects of the Indian Economy and Economic Policies" written by Koji Kobayashi, Senior Economist Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
- March 2019: "The "Modi diplomacy" in the History of Indian diplomacy--- Departure from or maintenance of the traditional diplomacy? ---" written by Toru Ito, The National Defense Academy of Japan
- February 2019: Dynamics of Indian Politics and the 2019 General Elections, written by Chiharu Takenaka, Professor of Rikkyo University
- February 2019: "Cooperative Strategy" to Realize "Competitive Strategy"--- The composite structure of Japan's "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy (vision) ---, written by Matake Kamiya, Professor at The National Defense Academy of Japan
- January 2019:, A paper, "How will the US midterm elections results affect the Trump administration's foreign policy for 2019?" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2019:, A paper, "The Present and Future of the International Trade Order" , written by Akihiko Tamura, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- December 2018: The US-China Competition and Japan, written by Ryo Sahashi, Professor at Kanagawa University
- December 2018: An Outlook for the US-China Trade War―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―, written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate professor at Toyo University
- September 2018: Proposal, "The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Restoration of Peace in the Korean Peninsula― Correct Perceptions and Eight Proposals on Japan's North Korea Diplomacy-" edited by the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- September 2018: "The Taiwan Policy of the Xi Jinping Administration in its Second Term: An Outlook on Cross-Strait Relations in the New Era" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor of the Tokyo University
- July 2018: "The EU States and Russia on North Korea Issues- Expansion of Influence through Diplomacy: Attempts and Limitations -" lectured by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor of Keio University
- "An Assessment of the US-North Korea Summit and an Outlook for the Future of the Korean Peninsula" lectured by Junya Nishino, Professor of Keio University
- "Korean Peninsula Issue and Japan's Future Security Policy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow of National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2018: "US North Korea policy affected by personnel changes in the Trump administration" lectured by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- "China-North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping" lectured by Shin Kawashima, Professor of the Tokyo University.
- "North Korean Denuclearization and Russia" lectured by Nobuo Shimotomai, Professor of the Hosei University.
- March 2018: "The Network Hegemony Theory for a Security Architecture in The Asia Pacific Region" lectured by Masahiro Akiyama, Chairman, the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- January 2018: "A Destabilized Middle East" lectured by Koichiro Tanaka, Professor, Keio University
- December 2017: "Problems in Sino-Japanese Relations, 1992-2042" lectured by Ezra F. Vogel, Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University
- November 2017: "The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region" written by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Fellow, the Meiji Institute for Global Affairs, Former Minister Foreign Affairs
- October 2017: "A New Trend in India's Foreign Policy and Japan" Written by HIROSE,Takako, Professor, Senshu University
- August 2017: "The Shocks that shook the Transatlantic World and their Implication for Japan's Foreign Policy" written by HOSOYA, Yuichi, Professor, Keio University
- August 2017: "Does Economic Interdependence not Encourage Collaboration? ―Thinking Japan-China Relations from an Economic Perspective―" written by Takashi SEKIYAMA, Ph.D., Toyo University
- July 2017: Proposal article "The Trump Administration's Impact on the Cross-Strait Relations" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
- June 2017: Proposal article "The outlook for the relationship between two great powers and implications for Japanese diplomacy" written by Professor Shin Kawashima
- May 2017: (Emergency Proposal) Facing the Inconvenient Truth: Re-examining Policy for Peace and Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (Chief author, Masao Okonogi)
- March 2017: "Economic Influences of the Trump Administration" written by Professor Motoshige Ito
- February, 2017: Proposal article "Trump's Foreign and Security Policy - Unpredictable President, Realistic Secretaries - " written by Mr. Tsuneo Watanabe is posted on the website of SSDP.
- December, 2016: Proposal article "Reconsidering North Korea Policy: How to Deal with a Nuclear Armed Divided States" written by Professor Masao Okonogi is posted on the website of SSDP.
- Taiwan-Japan Round Table on August 24th, at Capital Tokyu Hotel
- Japan-Korea Political Leaders Dialogue was held on February 10th,2023 at International House of Japan
- March 2022, A remembrance seminar "Remembering Professor Ezra Vogel" held on January 17, 2022
- March 2021, Japan-ROK Parliamentary Dialogue -Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Era of US-China Competition- held on March 11, 2021
- December 2020: The report of the Japan-ROK Future Dialogue held on November 21 to discuss "Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Post-Covid-19 Era
- October 2020: "Responses to COVID-19 and Agendas for the Post-COVID-19 Era", A Brief Overview of the Japan-Korea Experts Dialogue held on July 29,30, 2020
- October 2020: "The China-Taiwan Confrontation over Corona Response and Taiwan's Security" written by Makoto Ogata, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- May 2020: "Rivalries in the Middle East in New Security Dynamics", Written by Sayed Ghoneim, Major General (retired) of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Chairman, Institute for Global Security & Defence Affairs
- March 2020: The Japan-South Korea Relationship in a Cul-de-Sac--- Where is an Exit ? Masao Okonogi Professor Emeritus, Keio Universit
- December 2019: The Hong Kong Upheaval and the Future of Cross-Straits Relations-The 2019 Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue Report OGATA, Makoto Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- August 2019: Report; 2019 FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE --Sustainable Prosperity and Future of Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation-- By Future Consensus Institute (Yeosijae)
- June 2019: Report on India – Japan Security Dialogue 2019 by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D Student, The University of Tokyo
-
June 2019: Four papers on Japan-India Cooperation submitted to India-Japan Security Dialogue 2019
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation -
The Significance and Possibilities of India-Japan Cooperation in the Concept of the Indo-Pacific
Toru ITO Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan -
Japan-India Defense Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Context - Operationalizing the Security Aspect of the Indo-Pacific Vision –
Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) -
India-US-Japan Defense Cooperation: What's next?
Dr. Satoru Nagao, Hudson Institute
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Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
- November 2018: "The Present State of the Japanese Economy and Policy Issues" lectured by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo.
- November 2018: "Expanding Social Security Expenses and Fiscal Reforms" lectured by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor at Hosei University.
- September 2018: "Taiwan Identity and Cross-Strait Relations and Trump's Taiwan Policy and the Future of Taiwan-US Relations-Discussion at The Second Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue (June 21, 2018, Taipei)-" written by OGATA, Makoto
- September 2018: "Japan-Taiwan Dialogue 2018 Minutes", 21st June 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.
- July 2018: Report on The Second Japan – Philippines Strategic Dialogue prepared by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo University.
- May 2018: "Civilian Control "at Crisis"? – Perhaps Not, for the Case of the Field Sit-reps from SDF's South Sudan Mission" reported by Ippeita Nishida, Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2018: "Fukushima, Genki?Project-Young Taiwanese volunteers introduce the facts on Fukushima's revival through documentary films-" reported by OGATA, Makoto, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- December 2017: "Commemorating a Quarter Century of Dispatches of the JSDF's PKO Units: Challenges and Possibilities in the Post South Sudan" written by Takayuki Shoji, Lecturer, Nihon University
- November 2017: "19th CCP National Congress" written by Mr. Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Fondation
- October 2017: "What is Japan's Role in the Indo-China border conflict?" written by Dr. NGAO,Satoru, Research Fellow, Institute for Future Engineering
- July 2017: "Overview of the Current Situation in Taiwan-" the Naturally Independent Generation" will affect the Taiwan"s politics-" written by Makoto Ogata MGE.(Ret.)
- June 2017: "Japan-U.S. Economic Dialogue" written by Mr.Takaaki Asano
- March 2017: "The Japan-Philippines Strategic Dialogue" written by Mr. Hideshi Tokuchi
- February, 2017: Current topic "The Importance of Japan's Security Role Under Trump" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao is posted on the SSDP website.
- December, 2016: Current topic "Widening Security Task: Will SDF do the Job?" written by Mr. Ippeita Nishida is posted on the SSDP website.
- July 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no2" (How Has South Korea Changed under the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration?) in English edition was published.
- April 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no1" (The Middle East in Turmoil) in English edition was published.
- December 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no4" (What is th Global South?) in English edition was published.
- September 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no3" (Hegemonic America: Where It's Headed) in English edition was published.
- June 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no2" (Nuclear Crisis Scenarios Facing Japan and the Outlook of Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control and Disarmament) in English edition was published.
- March 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no1" (What Will Happen to European Security?―Facing the War in Ukraine) in English edition was published.
- January 2023, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 4)" - Defending Our Country – Defense Policy in a "New Cold War Era - was published.
- October 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 3)" - Xi Jinping's China - Politics, Economy, Society and Diplomacy - was published.
- Jun 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 2)" -The Russia-Ukraine War and Its Global Impact- was published.
- March 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 1)"-What is Economic Security?- was published.
- December 2021, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 3 no 4)"-Korean Peninsula Situation- was published.
- September 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no03" -Asia's Security II- (English edition)
- June 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no02" -Asia's Security I- (English edition)
- March 2021: Research journal "Security Studies (vol3 no1) "- US Foreign Policy in the Biden Administration / The 2020 US Presidential Election and American Democracy -(English edition)
- December 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no4) "- Normalize Japan-South Korea Relations trough Dialogues -(English edition)
- September 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no3) "-The Novel Coronavirus and Security-(English edition)
- July 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no2) - Middle East Situation and Japan's Security - " (English edition) was published
- May 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no1) - Cyber, Space, Environment and Security - " March 2020 (English edition)
- February 2020, "A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no4) " (English edition)"
- September 2019: A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no3) " (English edition)
- August 2019: Korea-Japan Joint Seminar: FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE
- April 2019: "Security Studies (vol1 no2) April 2019"
- March 2019: A research journal "Security Studies vol1 no01" just published
- February 2019: The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Takeshima Issue
- December 2018: Former Vice Defense Minister Masahiro Akiyama's Memoirs (An Ad)
- November 2018: Participation in the Future Consensus Forum held in Beijing
- September 2018: "2018 Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue" reported by Masahiro Akiyama
- 2017 December: "The Butterfly Project-A possibility of showing a solution to the North Korea problem-"
- October 2017: Campaign on the problems with North Korea
- August 2017: A New Containment Policy Strategy
- June 2017: Korean peninsla
- March 2017: President Duterte
- February, 2017: Kazakhstan
- November, 2016: Participated in Astana Club 2016 held in Kazakhstan on November 14- 16, 2016.