The Ideas of "Autonomy" and "Self-Reliance" in Contemporary India's Foreign Strategy
-- "Autonomy" toward the United States and "Self-Reliance" from China --
Kazutoshi TAMARI
Associate Professor, Chukyo University
Introduction
India is facing a grave national security crisis. As of May 2021, India is amid the second wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, which has caused a devastating medical care breakdown across the country. In June 2020, the Indian military suffered many casualties in a border skirmish with Chinese troops. As a result, Indian public opinion became increasingly anti-Chinese, and a widespread boycott of Chinese products ensued. These grave national security incidents will have a substantial impact on India's perceptions of security and relevant policies.
While there is a need to observe the changes brought about by these events, this paper is intended to focus on the diachronic aspects of India's foreign strategy. To first state my conclusion, this paper argues that the ideas of "autonomy" and "self-reliance" are prevalent across various administrations in India's mainstream national security and foreign strategy.
The chief documents for analysis are the "Non-Alignment 2.0," a document that drew attention for describing the government's views on national security during the Manmohan Singh administration (2004-14), and a new economic policy "AtmaNirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India)" adopted by the Narendra Modi administration (in office since 2014) in May 2020 amid the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak. Focusing on the trends envisaged by these two documents, I will examine, among other things, statements made by Minister of External Affairs Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, who directs the foreign strategy of the current Indian government, to clarify the Indian government's thinking on "autonomy" and "self-reliance." The implications of these ideas for India's strategy toward the United States and China will also be discussed.
1. Threat Perception and Security Cooperation in India
Before discussing the "autonomy" and "self-reliance," let us review the big picture: the threat perception and national security policy in India.
For a long time since the Partition in 1947, the most important threat for India has been Pakistan. But Pakistan alone has already receded to the background in India's current threat perception. Pakistan's conventional forces are not conceived as a serious threat on their own, but they can be seen as a threat to India's national security in possible escalation to nuclear warfare, asymmetric warfare such as through terrorist attacks, and in conjunction with the Chinese military forces.
Instead of Pakistan, China is perceived as the most important and almost the only external threat to India. India and China had cooperated in the international political arena in their early years, but they have not been able to resolve the border issues since the war in 1962, and the issues have resurfaced since around 2005, when Beijing stepped up its claims on Arunachal Pradesh. It can be said that China or China-with-Pakistan is commonly perceived as the most important threat in India.
During the Cold War, especially after the 1970s, India relied on the Soviet Union both diplomatically and for weapons procurement. Even after the end of the Cold War, India's close relationship with Russia continues, with Russia still accounting for 55% of India's arms imports in 2014-19, followed by the US at 14% and Israel at 12%. 1 India is currently working on the introduction of the Russian-made S400 surface-to-air missile, while opposed by the United States.
Its security cooperation with the United States has expanded rapidly since the beginning of the 21st century. Previously, in the 1990s, the two countries were antagonistic over India's nuclear development, but they overcame their former rivalry and rapidly deepened their security cooperation by agreeing on the "Next Steps in Strategic Partnership" in 2004 and signing a civilian nuclear cooperation agreement in 2008. Even as India hastens to domesticize its weapons production by announcing an import ban on certain items in August 2020, imports of weapons from the U.S. in 2020 are reported to have surged. 2 Closer security cooperation with U.S. allies Japan and Australia is now underway, but will not be dealt with in this paper.
The overarching issue in India's national security has been the extent to which it should cooperate with the United States, the only country capable of countering China, or China-with-Pakistan, in order to counter those threats. It is in this context that the concept of "strategic autonomy" and "self-reliance" came into focus in this paper.
2. "Strategic Autonomy" in "Non-Alignment 2.0"
As of May 2021, India has failed to formulate a document that articulates its national security strategy. Apart from whether or not the current Indian government has a security strategy per se, there is no strategic document specifying, at home and internationally, India's comprehensive national security strategy, corresponding to the US National Security Strategy. The need for such a strategic document is often a topic of discussion in India, and military and government officials sometimes refer to it. 3
Consequently, in the study of India's foreign policy, attempts are made to use materials other than official policy documents to understand the Indian government's thinking. In 2012, a policy document released by eight non-government experts, including a former foreign secretary, drew attention as suggestive of the thinking of the then Manmohan Singh government. The document is "Nonalignment 2.0: A Foreign and Strategic Policy for India in the Twenty First Century," which was prepared between October 2010 and January 2012 and released in February 2012. 4 Given that the then National Security Advisor and Deputy National Security Advisor participated in some rounds of the working group meeting to prepare the document, it was considered a "semi-official" foreign policy document 5 and has often been referred to by Japanese researchers on Indian foreign policy. 6
Although often misunderstood, "Non-Alignment 2.0" does not call for a return to the Cold War-era "non-alignment" that advocated: (1) non-alignment with either the United States or the Soviet Union and (2) cooperation with non-aligned countries. 7 By the 1990s, when the Cold War structure disappeared, (1) had already lost its significance and faded out from discourses on India's foreign policy. "Non-Alignment 2.0" was an attempt to redefine India's foreign strategy by using the term "non-alignment" that was about to become a dead word.
If (1) of the Cold War-era "non-alignment" were applied, as it was, to the current situation, it would mean to not align with either the United States or China. However, this is not the position that "Non-Alignment 2.0" takes. "Non-Alignment 2.0" views China as a "significant foreign policy and security challenge for India" and advocates checking China's behavior through alignment with other countries such as the United States (Paragraph 29 and 34, "Non-Alignment 2.0"). 8 Meanwhile, it argues that India should work with the United States to confront China's challenge, but that it should not elevate its alignment with the United States up to the level of an alliance (Paragraphs 131 and 133, "Non-Alignment 2.0"). The reason for this argument is that forming an alliance with the United States would undermine India's "strategic autonomy."
This "strategic autonomy" is the core objective of India's foreign strategy in "Non-Alignment 2.0," and it is also the concept pronounced in the foreign policy of the Manmohan Singh administration. 9 "Non-Alignment 2.0" states in its preface that "Strategic autonomy has been the defining value and continuous goal of India's international policy" (Preface to "Non-Alignment 2.0"), and argues that "to give India maximum options in its relations with the outside world --- that is, to enhance India's strategic space and capacity for independent agency" (Paragraph 9, "Non-Alignment 2.0") is in India's national interest.
As explained above, "Non-Alignment 2.0" does not state that India will take sides with neither the United States nor China, but rather states that based on the premise that India should confront China in alignment with the United States, the India-US alignment should, nonetheless, not develop into an alliance to maintain India's strategic autonomy. India's foreign policy during the Manmohan Singh administration promoted partnership with the United States. In particular, we should not forget that the US-India Nuclear Cooperation Agreement concluded in 2008 was a significant development in the bilateral relationship.
It is already a consensus in the current Indian strategic community to consider China a threat and the United States a partner. For example, according to a survey targeting researchers of India's strategy conducted in 2018, when asked "What country is the most important partner for India on global issues?" 75% of respondents answered that it is the United States. 10 To the question of what India should do in the event of greater US-China competition, 54% of respondents answered it should "remain equidistant," 43% "collaborate more with U.S.", and only 2% "collaborate more with China". 11
3. "Non-alignment" and the Modi Administration
There is much mention in the debate over India's foreign policy that India has shifted from a "non-alignment" policy under the Manmohan Singh administration to a more cooperative policy toward the United States under the Modi administration. It is true that under the Modi administration, India strengthened its alignment with the United States and its engagement with the Quad. However, the idea of "strategic autonomy" appears in discourses on the Modi administration's foreign policy.
Here, I want to focus on the discourse of Foreign Minister Jaishankar, who, after serving as Foreign Secretary from January 2015 to January 2018, has been leading the Modi government's foreign policy as Minister of External Affairs since May 2020. Jaishankar frequently appears in the media and is known for his directness.
In July 2020, in the context of a question about non-alignment, Jaishankar stated as follows: "Non-alignment was a term of a particular era and geopolitical landscape. One aspect was independence, which remains a factor of continuity for us." 12
Jaishankar often makes similar statements, which confirm his views that "non-alignment" is a thing of the past but that the Indian credo of independence, an aspect of "non-alignment," remains intact. He also said, "... we were never part of an alliance system and we will never be." 13
This idea of emphasizing Indian autonomy or self-reliance and not allying with the United States, even if the country has to confront China in alignment with the United States, is found in "Non-Alignment 2.0." Jaishankar has repeated it; in this sense, the continuity of thinking is evident from "Non-Alignment 2.0" through the statements of Jaishankar.
Jaishankar's book, The India Way: Strategies for an Uncertain World, published in September 2020, helps us to understand his concept of Indian foreign strategy. 14 In the book, he argues that India can improve its position by playing a proactive role as a balancer to develop multilateral partnerships, rather than working under either the United States or China. 15 In the concluding section discussing the post-Corona world, the book stressed the importance of "strategic autonomy" and "self-reliance" in the economic field. 16
The Modi administration has not abandoned the second principle of the Cold War-era "non-alignment," namely, cooperation with non-aligned countries. Since Modi did not participate in the 17th (September 2016, Venezuela) and the 18th (October 2019, Azerbaijan) triennial Summits of the Non-Aligned Movement, many people believed that India tried to distance itself from the movement because the 17th Summit is the first one held after the inauguration of the Modi administration. However, Modi attended the latest Summit held online in May 2020 and gave a speech reaffirming the importance of the Non-Aligned Movement, which met with some disappointment from right-wing commentators. 17 His speech paraphrased the Non-Aligned Movement with the "Global South," which indicates that Modi does not hold fast to the Non-Aligned Movement but regards it as a useful framework of partnership for developing countries.
4. A New Economic Policy "Self-Reliant India"
In May 2020, during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, Modi announced his new economic policy paradigm called "AtmaNirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India)." 18 It is a large-scale economy package worth about 20 trillion yen, inclusive of supplements in October and November of the same year, aiming at making the Indian economy "self-reliant," besides India's restoration from the COVID-19 crisis. Since then, the phrase "self-reliant India" has been used in contexts other than economic policy and has become a new banner hoisted by the Modi administration.
The "Self-Reliant India" policy aims principally to promote India's manufacturing industry by tightening import controls, raising tariffs, and subsidizing domestic manufacturing companies, besides an emergency response to the COVID-19 crisis. In Indian economic policy trends, the new package may be positioned in a series of protectionist moves starting from the withdrawal from the RCEP negotiations in November 2019 and the tightening of restrictions on FDI from neighboring countries in April 2020 (a policy change to actually implement application/approval procedures for Chinese investment alone).
As the border dispute in June 2020 led to a widespread boycott of Chinese products, the "Self-Reliant India" policy seems to have been perceived to recommend a switch from Chinese products to domestic products, reminiscent of "Swadeshi (स्वदेशी)," a slogan to favor domestic products during the independence movement years. 19 The concept of "Self-Reliant India" is an idea rooted in Indian tradition, as evidenced by its association with "Swadeshi" during the independence movement led by the Nationalist Congress Party. Therefore, some of the opposition Nationalist Congress Party argue that the idea of "self-reliance" was "stolen" from the NCP. 20
Looking at discourses on the "Self-Reliant India" policy, the debate is not only about economic policy to achieve economic "self-reliance" by eliminating dependence on China, but also from the perspective of nationalism. For example, one of the Ministers of State (junior minister) in the Modi government argued that the "Self-Reliant India" policy is a modern version of the "America First" policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration and that this policy is based on the idea of prioritizing domestic issues. 21 Some critics of the Modi administration sensed in that policy the administration's authoritarian stance and its intention to dismiss criticism from abroad of its ethnic minority policy.
Also, concerning India's foreign policy, there is much mention of "self-reliance," as seen in Jaishankar's book noted above. At an event in May 2021, Jaishankar emphasized that the promotion of the manufacturing industry, a goal of the "Self-Reliant India" policy, constitutes a core element of India's security. 22 Thus, "self-reliance" represents guidelines for not only Indian economic policy but also for its foreign strategy in general.
5. "Autonomy" toward the United States and "Self-Reliance" from China
So far, I have examined "autonomy" and "self-reliance" in discourses related to India's foreign strategy. Although "autonomy" and "self-reliance" have the same phonetic sound in Japanese, their nuances are not identical. Analogous concepts as they are, there is a rough distinction between them: "autonomy" implies freedom from the influence of others; "self-reliance" suggests standing on one's own feet without depending on others. With these nuances in mind, I want to consider the policy implications of "autonomy" and "self-reliance" in India's foreign strategy in relation to the United States and China.
India's relations with the United States are discussed more from the viewpoint of "autonomy" than "self-reliance," as "Non-Alignment 2.0" sets forth the view that the alliance with the United States undermines India's "strategic autonomy." In other words, India's relations with the United States are considered an issue of "autonomy" or concerns about having the range of options narrowed, rather than an issue of "self-reliance" or those about future dependence on the United States for national security.
As far as the above remarks by Jaishankar are concerned, the Indian government is still negative about improving ties with the United States through an alliance. In this sense, the idea of "autonomy" toward the United States persists. However, compared to the Manmohan Singh administration, the Modi administration much less mentions "autonomy." Some argue that the Modi administration has already abandoned the idea of "strategic autonomy."
For example, C. Raja Mohan of the National University of Singapore maintains that India should abandon the idea of "strategic autonomy" and move toward an alliance with the United States. He perceives that India has already stepped over the line. 23 A 2020 border dispute is said to have made India determined to take an adamant attitude toward China. It is noteworthy whether India will maintain "autonomy" toward the United States or abandon it and further alignment with the United States and Japan.
To now look to India's relations with China. As has already been discussed, "self-reliance" is an issue in India's relations with China, whereas "autonomy" is seldom discussed in the context of bilateral relations. As mentioned earlier, India expedited different policy measures for "self-reliance" from China after India's withdrawal from the RCEP negotiations. Various policy measures India took to boycott Chinese products in the wake of a border dispute accelerated the move. 24 Some view these developments as an attempt by India to "decouple" from China --- analogous to the US policy of decoupling China. 25
It may be premature to assess to what extent such moves have helped India to break away from its economic dependence on China. According to data at hand, the share of imports from China in the April-December 2020 period did not decrease but increased; it appears that India has not yet achieved "self-reliance" from China. 26
Political momentum is gathering toward India's "self-reliance" from China due to a series of incidents from India's withdrawal from the RCEP to an Indo-China border dispute. However, it is not easy to achieve economic "self-reliance" from China. There is no small amount of opposition at home to the withdrawal from the RCEP negotiations; there is also criticism of protectionist trade policies advocated by the "Self-Reliant India" paradigm. The China boycott is showing some signs of a backlash. 27 Whether India will move toward decoupling from China or change its China policy, we must closely watch the future policy and economic trends.
Conclusion
In this paper, I have argued that the notions of "self-reliance" and "autonomy" are emphasized in India's foreign strategy. Given the grave crises that India is currently facing, it is indisputable that we must focus on changes that will result from these crises. But at the same time we should also pay attention to the ongoing factors often overlooked.
Jaishankar is directing the foreign strategy of the Modi administration. What he speaks about India's foreign strategy retains the ideas taken over from the previous administration. Since Jaishankar, now a parliamentary member of Bharatiya Janata Party, first worked in the Indian diplomatic service, he is, quite understandably, imbued with conventional Indian diplomatic thinking.
As the cooperative relationship between Japan and India, as well as the alignment among the Quad members --- Japan, India, the United States, and Australia ---, deepens with the increasing importance of India to Japan, I hope this article will help readers understand the ideas behind Indian security strategy.
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- June 2021, "Normalized Tensions in the Cross-Strait Relations--- Structural Changes in Taiwanese Society and the Xi Jinping Administration's Strategic Shift ---" by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- June 2021, "China's Maritime Strategy and Responses of the United States and Japan" by Yoji Koda, Former Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet
- June 2021, "The South China Issues from the Perspective of the International Law Order",by Shigeki Sakamoto, Emeritus Professor, Kobe University
- May 2021, "Indonesian Views and Perceptions on National Security" by Nobuhiro Aizawa, Associate Professor, Kyushu University
- May, 2021, "The Philippine Foreign and Security Policy Perspective" written by Yusuke Takagi Associate Professor,National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- May, 2021, "Vietnam's Security: Challenges and Responses" written by Tomotaka Shoji Head, Asia and Africa Division, Regional Studies Department, National Institute for Defense Studies
- March, 2021, "Can the Biden Administration Restore America as a Global Leader?" written by Matake Kamiya, Professor, the National Defense Academy of Japan.
- March, 2021, "The Biden Administration and Japan's Security Strategy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
- February,2021, "US Foreign and Security Policy Direction Viewed from the Biden Administration's Lineup" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- February,2021, "Trade Policies of the Biden Administration" written by Takaaki Asano, Senior Analyst, Sumitomo Corporation Global Research Co. Ltd.
- February,2021, "The Biden Administration's Policy toward Russia" written by Taisuke Abiru, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "Will US Policy Toward China Change?" lectured by Ryo Sahashi, Associate Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "How will China View the Biden Administration?" written by Bonji Ohara, Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January,2021, "An Assessment of the 2020 US Presidential Election-American Democracy Now-" lectured by Fumiaki Kubo, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- January,2021, "Two Trumpian Mysteries-Why did Trump win over 70 million votes? Why is his outrageous behavior unchecked?-" lectured by Kazuhiro Maeshima, Professor, Sophia University
- September, 2020, "The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Internationa Relationsl" by Matake Kamiya, Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan
- September, 2020, "The Policy Agenda for the Xi Jinping Administration- COVID-19 Countermeasures and China's International Relations -" by Shin Kawashima, Professor, The University of Tokyo
- "Control in the United States and International Relations" by Koji Murata, Professor, Doshisha University
- September, 2020, "The EU's Response to COVID-19 and International Relations" by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor, Keio University
- August, 2020, "The Corona Crisis Seen from a Macroeconomic Perspective" written by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
- August, 2020, "The Coronavirus Pandemic and Japan's Infectious Disease Control" written by Takashi Mihara, Senior Research Fellow, NLI Research Institute
- August, 2020, "Infectious Disease Crisis Control in Japan- Recommendations on an Exit Strategy -" written by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor, Hosei University
- August, 2020, "Security against Infectious Disease Threats --- Policy Responses Abroad" written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- June 2020,"Transformation of the International Order in the Middle East--- Varying Degrees of "Stateness" and Three Directions of the New Order" written by Satoshi Ikeuchi, Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo
- June 2020,"Destabilization in the Middle East and its Impacts on Japan's Energy Security" written by Amane Kobayashi, Research Fellow, The Institute of Energy Economics
- May 2020: Urgent Recommendations "Toward a V-shaped Recovery after the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic "Coronavirus Testing for All" --- the First Step of the Next Phase"
- May 2020: "US Diplomacy toward Iran: Economic Sanctions as a Diplomatic Tool" Hiroki Sugita Columnist, Kyodo News
- "Russian Factors in the Middle East" Taisuke Abiru Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- "The SDF Dispatches to the Middle East --- History and Significance" Ippeita Nishida Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Space and Security" Kazuto Suzuki Professor, Hokkaido University
- March 2020, "The US Security Space Policy --- With a Focus on the Establishment of Two Space Forces" Yasuhito Fukushima Chief Researcher, The National Institute for Defense Studies
- March 2020, "China's Recent Activities in Space and Cyberspace" Bonji Ohara Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- March 2020, "Environmental Security and Japan" Takashi Sekiyama Associate Professor, Kyoto University
- March 2020, "Changes in Global Environment and Security --- US Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
- February 2020, "Cyberspace Security" Motohiro Tsuchiya Professor, Keio University
- February 2020, "Japan's Space and Cyberspace Policy" Yukinari Hirose Former President of the National Institute for Defense Studies
- December 2019, "The US-China Confrontation --- Where Will Hegemony Reside Next?" Akio Takahara Professor, the University of Tokyo
- December 2019, "Challenges Facing the Chinese Economy" Osamu Tanaka Chief Senior Researcher, Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO
- December 2019, "US Strategic Perception on China: Implications for US Allied Partners" Tsuneo Watanabe Senior Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- November 2019, "The Xi Jinping Administration's View of the International Order– China's emphasis on United Nations diplomacy and liberal economic policies−" Shin Kawashima, Professor, the University of Tokyo
- November 2019, "The Future of China's Security Strategy" Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- November 2019, "China --- Its Confidence and Anxiety" Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- August 2019: Several Perspectives on the Korean Peninsula Issue--- The Deteriorating Japan-South Korea Relationship and the Uncertain Denuclearization of North Korea --- By Masahiro Akiyama Chairman, the SSDP
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea--- What is the Stance of North Korea?---", Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- July 2019, "An Outlook on the Denuclearization of North Korea --- How will the US move?", Narushige Michishita, Vice President, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2019, "Discussion on Denuclearization of North Korea", SSDP Discussion Meeting on May 8, 2019
- May 2019: "Current Status and Prospects of South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History: How to address the Judicial Problems", Masao Okonogi, Professor Emeritus, Keio University
- May 2019: "South Korea and Japan's Frictions over History" (Comments), Junya Nishino, Professor, Keio University
- May 2019: Japan and South Korea Relationships (Question & Answer)
- March 2019: "The Present State and Prospects of the Indian Economy and Economic Policies" written by Koji Kobayashi, Senior Economist Mizuho Research Institute Ltd.
- March 2019: "The "Modi diplomacy" in the History of Indian diplomacy--- Departure from or maintenance of the traditional diplomacy? ---" written by Toru Ito, The National Defense Academy of Japan
- February 2019: Dynamics of Indian Politics and the 2019 General Elections, written by Chiharu Takenaka, Professor of Rikkyo University
- February 2019: "Cooperative Strategy" to Realize "Competitive Strategy"--- The composite structure of Japan's "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy (vision) ---, written by Matake Kamiya, Professor at The National Defense Academy of Japan
- January 2019:, A paper, "How will the US midterm elections results affect the Trump administration's foreign policy for 2019?" written by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2019:, A paper, "The Present and Future of the International Trade Order" , written by Akihiko Tamura, Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- December 2018: The US-China Competition and Japan, written by Ryo Sahashi, Professor at Kanagawa University
- December 2018: An Outlook for the US-China Trade War―What makes the two economically interdependent superpowers confront each other?―, written by Takashi Sekiyama, Associate professor at Toyo University
- September 2018: Proposal, "The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Restoration of Peace in the Korean Peninsula― Correct Perceptions and Eight Proposals on Japan's North Korea Diplomacy-" edited by the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- September 2018: "The Taiwan Policy of the Xi Jinping Administration in its Second Term: An Outlook on Cross-Strait Relations in the New Era" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Professor of the Tokyo University
- July 2018: "The EU States and Russia on North Korea Issues- Expansion of Influence through Diplomacy: Attempts and Limitations -" lectured by Yuichi Hosoya, Professor of Keio University
- "An Assessment of the US-North Korea Summit and an Outlook for the Future of the Korean Peninsula" lectured by Junya Nishino, Professor of Keio University
- "Korean Peninsula Issue and Japan's Future Security Policy" written by Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow of National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- July 2018: "US North Korea policy affected by personnel changes in the Trump administration" lectured by Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow of the Sasakawa Peace Foundation.
- "China-North Korea relationship under Xi Jinping" lectured by Shin Kawashima, Professor of the Tokyo University.
- "North Korean Denuclearization and Russia" lectured by Nobuo Shimotomai, Professor of the Hosei University.
- March 2018: "The Network Hegemony Theory for a Security Architecture in The Asia Pacific Region" lectured by Masahiro Akiyama, Chairman, the Society of Security and Diplomatic Policy Studies
- January 2018: "A Destabilized Middle East" lectured by Koichiro Tanaka, Professor, Keio University
- December 2017: "Problems in Sino-Japanese Relations, 1992-2042" lectured by Ezra F. Vogel, Professor of the Social Sciences Emeritus at Harvard University
- November 2017: "The Future of the Asia-Pacific Region" written by Yoriko Kawaguchi, Fellow, the Meiji Institute for Global Affairs, Former Minister Foreign Affairs
- October 2017: "A New Trend in India's Foreign Policy and Japan" Written by HIROSE,Takako, Professor, Senshu University
- August 2017: "The Shocks that shook the Transatlantic World and their Implication for Japan's Foreign Policy" written by HOSOYA, Yuichi, Professor, Keio University
- August 2017: "Does Economic Interdependence not Encourage Collaboration? ―Thinking Japan-China Relations from an Economic Perspective―" written by Takashi SEKIYAMA, Ph.D., Toyo University
- July 2017: Proposal article "The Trump Administration's Impact on the Cross-Strait Relations" written by Yasuhiro Matsuda, Ph.D.
- June 2017: Proposal article "The outlook for the relationship between two great powers and implications for Japanese diplomacy" written by Professor Shin Kawashima
- May 2017: (Emergency Proposal) Facing the Inconvenient Truth: Re-examining Policy for Peace and Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (Chief author, Masao Okonogi)
- March 2017: "Economic Influences of the Trump Administration" written by Professor Motoshige Ito
- February, 2017: Proposal article "Trump's Foreign and Security Policy - Unpredictable President, Realistic Secretaries - " written by Mr. Tsuneo Watanabe is posted on the website of SSDP.
- December, 2016: Proposal article "Reconsidering North Korea Policy: How to Deal with a Nuclear Armed Divided States" written by Professor Masao Okonogi is posted on the website of SSDP.
- Taiwan-Japan Round Table on August 24th, at Capital Tokyu Hotel
- Japan-Korea Political Leaders Dialogue was held on February 10th,2023 at International House of Japan
- March 2022, A remembrance seminar "Remembering Professor Ezra Vogel" held on January 17, 2022
- March 2021, Japan-ROK Parliamentary Dialogue -Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Era of US-China Competition- held on March 11, 2021
- December 2020: The report of the Japan-ROK Future Dialogue held on November 21 to discuss "Japan-ROK Cooperation in the Post-Covid-19 Era
- October 2020: "Responses to COVID-19 and Agendas for the Post-COVID-19 Era", A Brief Overview of the Japan-Korea Experts Dialogue held on July 29,30, 2020
- October 2020: "The China-Taiwan Confrontation over Corona Response and Taiwan's Security" written by Makoto Ogata, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- May 2020: "Rivalries in the Middle East in New Security Dynamics", Written by Sayed Ghoneim, Major General (retired) of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Chairman, Institute for Global Security & Defence Affairs
- March 2020: The Japan-South Korea Relationship in a Cul-de-Sac--- Where is an Exit ? Masao Okonogi Professor Emeritus, Keio Universit
- December 2019: The Hong Kong Upheaval and the Future of Cross-Straits Relations-The 2019 Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue Report OGATA, Makoto Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- August 2019: Report; 2019 FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE --Sustainable Prosperity and Future of Korea-U.S.-Japan Cooperation-- By Future Consensus Institute (Yeosijae)
- June 2019: Report on India – Japan Security Dialogue 2019 by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D Student, The University of Tokyo
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June 2019: Four papers on Japan-India Cooperation submitted to India-Japan Security Dialogue 2019
-
Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
Tsuneo Watanabe, Senior Fellow, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation -
The Significance and Possibilities of India-Japan Cooperation in the Concept of the Indo-Pacific
Toru ITO Associate Professor, National Defense Academy of Japan -
Japan-India Defense Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific Context - Operationalizing the Security Aspect of the Indo-Pacific Vision –
Hideshi Tokuchi, Senior Fellow, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) -
India-US-Japan Defense Cooperation: What's next?
Dr. Satoru Nagao, Hudson Institute
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Japan's Rationale for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision
- November 2018: "The Present State of the Japanese Economy and Policy Issues" lectured by Motoshige Itoh, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo.
- November 2018: "Expanding Social Security Expenses and Fiscal Reforms" lectured by Kazumasa Oguro, Professor at Hosei University.
- September 2018: "Taiwan Identity and Cross-Strait Relations and Trump's Taiwan Policy and the Future of Taiwan-US Relations-Discussion at The Second Japan-Taiwan Strategic Dialogue (June 21, 2018, Taipei)-" written by OGATA, Makoto
- September 2018: "Japan-Taiwan Dialogue 2018 Minutes", 21st June 2018, Taipei, Taiwan.
- July 2018: Report on The Second Japan – Philippines Strategic Dialogue prepared by Ms. Vindu Mai Chotani, Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Public Policy, Tokyo University.
- May 2018: "Civilian Control "at Crisis"? – Perhaps Not, for the Case of the Field Sit-reps from SDF's South Sudan Mission" reported by Ippeita Nishida, Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation
- January 2018: "Fukushima, Genki?Project-Young Taiwanese volunteers introduce the facts on Fukushima's revival through documentary films-" reported by OGATA, Makoto, Former Chief of the Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association in Taipei
- December 2017: "Commemorating a Quarter Century of Dispatches of the JSDF's PKO Units: Challenges and Possibilities in the Post South Sudan" written by Takayuki Shoji, Lecturer, Nihon University
- November 2017: "19th CCP National Congress" written by Mr. Bonji Ohara, Senior Research Fellow, the Sasakawa Peace Fondation
- October 2017: "What is Japan's Role in the Indo-China border conflict?" written by Dr. NGAO,Satoru, Research Fellow, Institute for Future Engineering
- July 2017: "Overview of the Current Situation in Taiwan-" the Naturally Independent Generation" will affect the Taiwan"s politics-" written by Makoto Ogata MGE.(Ret.)
- June 2017: "Japan-U.S. Economic Dialogue" written by Mr.Takaaki Asano
- March 2017: "The Japan-Philippines Strategic Dialogue" written by Mr. Hideshi Tokuchi
- February, 2017: Current topic "The Importance of Japan's Security Role Under Trump" written by Dr. Satoru Nagao is posted on the SSDP website.
- December, 2016: Current topic "Widening Security Task: Will SDF do the Job?" written by Mr. Ippeita Nishida is posted on the SSDP website.
- July 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no2" (How Has South Korea Changed under the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration?) in English edition was published.
- April 2024, Research journal "Security Studies vol6 no1" (The Middle East in Turmoil) in English edition was published.
- December 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no4" (What is th Global South?) in English edition was published.
- September 2023, Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no3" (Hegemonic America: Where It's Headed) in English edition was published.
- June 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no2" (Nuclear Crisis Scenarios Facing Japan and the Outlook of Nuclear Deterrence and Arms Control and Disarmament) in English edition was published.
- March 2023,Research journal "Security Studies vol5 no1" (What Will Happen to European Security?―Facing the War in Ukraine) in English edition was published.
- January 2023, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 4)" - Defending Our Country – Defense Policy in a "New Cold War Era - was published.
- October 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 3)" - Xi Jinping's China - Politics, Economy, Society and Diplomacy - was published.
- Jun 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 2)" -The Russia-Ukraine War and Its Global Impact- was published.
- March 2022, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 4 no 1)"-What is Economic Security?- was published.
- December 2021, Research Jounal "Security Studies (vol 3 no 4)"-Korean Peninsula Situation- was published.
- September 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no03" -Asia's Security II- (English edition)
- June 2021, A research journal "Security Studies vol03 no02" -Asia's Security I- (English edition)
- March 2021: Research journal "Security Studies (vol3 no1) "- US Foreign Policy in the Biden Administration / The 2020 US Presidential Election and American Democracy -(English edition)
- December 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no4) "- Normalize Japan-South Korea Relations trough Dialogues -(English edition)
- September 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no3) "-The Novel Coronavirus and Security-(English edition)
- July 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no2) - Middle East Situation and Japan's Security - " (English edition) was published
- May 2020: A research journal "Security Studies (vol2 no1) - Cyber, Space, Environment and Security - " March 2020 (English edition)
- February 2020, "A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no4) " (English edition)"
- September 2019: A research journal "Security Studies (vol1 no3) " (English edition)
- August 2019: Korea-Japan Joint Seminar: FUTURE CONSENSUS DIALOGUE
- April 2019: "Security Studies (vol1 no2) April 2019"
- March 2019: A research journal "Security Studies vol1 no01" just published
- February 2019: The Denuclearization of North Korea and the Takeshima Issue
- December 2018: Former Vice Defense Minister Masahiro Akiyama's Memoirs (An Ad)
- November 2018: Participation in the Future Consensus Forum held in Beijing
- September 2018: "2018 Indo-Pacific Security Dialogue" reported by Masahiro Akiyama
- 2017 December: "The Butterfly Project-A possibility of showing a solution to the North Korea problem-"
- October 2017: Campaign on the problems with North Korea
- August 2017: A New Containment Policy Strategy
- June 2017: Korean peninsla
- March 2017: President Duterte
- February, 2017: Kazakhstan
- November, 2016: Participated in Astana Club 2016 held in Kazakhstan on November 14- 16, 2016.